A comparison of shock wave and sinusoidal-focused ultrasound-induced localized transfection of HeLa cells.

Both shock waves and sinusoidal continuous wave ultrasound can mediate DNA transfer into cells. The relative transfection efficiencies of different ultrasound modalities are unclear. The purpose of this paper is to compare the transfection efficiency of lithotripter shock waves and focused sinusoidal ultrasound in vitro. HeLa cells were transfected with beta-galactosidase and luciferase plasmid DNA reporter. Shock waves were generated by an electromagnetic sound source. Sixty to 360 pulses at 1 Hz pulse frequency were administered at 13, 16 or 19 kV capacitor voltage. Sinusoidal focused ultrasound was generated by a single focus piezoceramic air-backed disk transducer at a carrier frequency of 1.18 MHz operated in a pulsed mode. Compared to cells mixed with DNA only, shock waves induced up to eightfold more transfected cells at a cell viability of 5%, while sinusoidal-focused ultrasound induced up to 80-fold more transfected cells at a cell viability of 45%. The corresponding transfection efficiencies of the HeLa cells were 0.08% for shock waves and 3% for focused ultrasound. These results may contribute to the selection of the ultrasound modality as a localized, noninvasive and safe tool to mediate gene transfer.