Localized Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) most commonly affects patients with underlying cirrhosis. Screening of cirrhotic patients can result in early detection of HCC. If the tumor is localized to the liver, the patient can be offered therapy. It is our belief that those patients with good liver function (Child-Pugh A/B or better) should be considered for surgical resection of one or two surgical segments of the liver. Otherwise, ablative measures, including radiofrequency ablation (RFA), cryotherapy, or angiographic embolization should be offered to the patient. Alternatively, direct injection of alcohol or acetic acid can result in effective ablation of the lesion, with unclear effects on long-term outcome. Chemotherapy does not appear to impact survival, but it is our belief that combined protocols may offer superior outcomes to single therapeutic interventions. Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) can have excellent efficacy in a very select group of patients.