Lönnerdal B, Kelleher S L, Lien E L
Department of Nutrition, University of California at Davis, 95616-8669, USA.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 May;73(5):914-9. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/73.5.914.
Infant rhesus monkeys are excellent models in which to study the effect of infant formulas on trace element absorption and status. Infants fed powdered formula from birth exhibit normal growth and have blood variables similar to those of breast-fed infants.
The objectives were to evaluate the effects of feeding ready-to-feed (RTF) formulas exposed to different heat treatments to infant monkeys, and, for one of these formulas, to compare the effect of fortification with 2 iron concentrations.
From birth to age 5 mo, infant monkeys (n = 6/group) were fed one of the following formulas exclusively: 1) 12 mg Fe/L processed in cans (RTF-12), 2) formula in glass bottles with 12 mg Fe/L and manufactured by an ultrahigh-temperature (UHT) process (UHT-12), or 3) formula manufactured by a standard thermal process (STP), containing either 8 (STP-8) or 12 (STP-12) mg Fe/L. All formulas had similar copper concentrations (0.6 mg Cu/L). Anthropometric measures and venous blood samples were taken monthly.
Weight and length gain did not differ among groups; however, the STP-12 group weighed less than the UHT-12 group at ages 2, 4, and 5 mo. Hemoglobin values were significantly lower in the RTF-12 group than in all other groups at ages 4 and 5 mo and serum ferritin was lower in the RTF-12 group than in the STP-12 group at age 5 mo. Copper status was lower in STP-12 infants than in STP-8 infants. There was a progressive and significant decline in plasma copper, ceruloplasmin, and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase activity in infants fed canned formula (RTF-12). Furthermore, coat color changed from normal brown to silver. These outcomes suggest that the canned formula induced copper deficiency in infant monkeys.
Excessive heat treatment of formula can have a pronounced negative effect on copper status. High iron concentrations did not improve iron status but may adversely affect copper status.
恒河猴幼猴是研究婴儿配方奶粉对微量元素吸收和状态影响的优秀模型。从出生就喂食粉状配方奶粉的婴儿生长正常，血液指标与母乳喂养的婴儿相似。
本研究旨在评估给幼猴喂食经过不同热处理的即食（RTF）配方奶粉的效果，并对其中一种配方奶粉比较两种铁浓度强化的效果。
从出生到5月龄，将幼猴（每组n = 6）仅喂食以下一种配方奶粉：1）罐装的12 mg Fe/L配方奶粉（RTF - 12）；2）玻璃瓶中12 mg Fe/L且采用超高温（UHT）工艺生产的配方奶粉（UHT - 12）；或3）采用标准热处理（STP）工艺生产的配方奶粉，铁含量分别为8（STP - 8）或12（STP - 12）mg Fe/L。所有配方奶粉的铜浓度相似（0.6 mg Cu/L）。每月进行人体测量并采集静脉血样。
各组间体重和身长增加无差异；然而，在2、4和5月龄时，STP - 12组的体重低于UHT - 12组。在4和5月龄时，RTF - 12组的血红蛋白值显著低于所有其他组，且在5月龄时，RTF - 12组的血清铁蛋白低于STP - 12组。STP - 12组婴儿的铜状态低于STP - 8组婴儿。喂食罐装配方奶粉（RTF - 12）的婴儿血浆铜、铜蓝蛋白和铜/锌超氧化物歧化酶活性呈进行性且显著下降。此外，毛色从正常棕色变为银色。这些结果表明罐装配方奶粉导致幼猴铜缺乏。
配方奶粉过度热处理会对铜状态产生显著负面影响。高铁浓度并未改善铁状态，但可能对铜状态产生不利影响。
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