Identification of potential diagnostic markers of prostate cancer and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia using cDNA microarray.

The identification of novel genes or groups of genes expressed in prostate cancer may allow earlier diagnosis or more accurate staging of the disease. We describe the assembly and use of a 1877-member microarray representing cDNA clones from a range of prostate cancer stages and grades, precursor lesions and normal tissue. Using labelled cDNA from tumour samples obtained from TURP or radical prostatectomy, analysis of expression patterns identified many up-regulated transcripts. Cell lines were found to over-express fewer genes than diseased tissue samples. 17 known genes were found to over-express more than 4-fold in 4 or more cancers out of 15 cancers. Only 2 genes were over-expressed in 6 out of 15 cancers or more, whilst no genes were consistently found to be over-expressed in all cancer samples. Novel prostate cancer associations for several well characterized genes or full length cDNAs were identified, including PLRP1, JM27, human UbcM2, dynein light intermediate chain 2 and human homologue of rat sec61. Novel associations with high-grade PIN include: breast carcinoma fatty acid synthase and cDNA DKFZp434B0335. We shortlist and discuss the most significant over-expressed genes in prostate cancer and PIN, and highlight expression differences between malignant and benign samples.