Anatomical position of heart in snakes with vertical orientation: a new hypothesis.

It has been observed that climbing arboreal snakes have hearts closer to the head than nonclimbing terrestrial or aquatic snakes. The closeness to the head is said to minimize the work of the heart in pumping blood to the head. However, there is ample evidence that the gravitational pressure in the arteries going to the head is counterbalanced (neutralized) by the gravitational pressure of the blood in the veins going down to the heart. Hence, the heart does not do extra work so, another explanation must be sought. It is proposed that the position of the heart may be related to the filling pressure of the heart which is influenced by the compliance of the vessels above and below the heart. Some observations suggest that the caudal vessels in climbing snakes are less compliant than that of aquatic snakes. This tends to move the hydrostatic indifferent point closer to the head and provides an adequate filling pressure in climbing snakes in the vertical position.