How the 1990 Post Enumeration Survey transformed the census adjustment controversy.

The author briefly examines the controversy surrounding the 1980 U.S. census undercount, including a lawsuit entered against the U.S. Bureau of the Census by the City of New York. He then describes the Post Enumeration Survey (PES), introduced after the 1990 census "to measure census coverage (i.e. undercounts) by place and by race and ethnicity, which had not previously been possible.... Results of the 1990 PES show that previous claims about the harmful effects of differential undercounts were exaggerated, but they also [show] that the undercounts and their effects are still there."