Scale microornamentation of uropeltid snakes.

Microornamentation was examined on the exposed oberhautchen surface of dorsal, lateral, and ventral scales from the midbody region of 20 species of the fossorial snake family Uropeltidae and seven species of fossorial scolecophidian and anilioid outgroups. No substantial variation was observed in microornamentation from the different areas around the midbody circumference within species. All oberhautchen cells were flat and exhibited no major surface features other than occasional posterior margin denticulations, small pores/pits, and narrow, low ridges. This is largely consistent with the hypothesis that friction reduction and dirt shedding are the main selective pressures on microornamentation, given that reducing shine is not of key importance in fossorial animals. Variations among taxa were observed in the shape and size of oberhautchen cells, in the presence of pores/pits, in the presence and size of denticulations on posterior cell margins, and in the level or imbricate nature of cell borders. Six microornamentation characters were formulated, scored, and plotted onto a selected phylogeny. Character evolution and phylogenetic signal were explored, accepting the incomplete understanding of intraspecific variation and of uropeltid interrelationships. There is evidence that all but one of these characters evolved homoplastically, probably by multiple independent origin. There is no clear evidence for character state reversal, but greater phylogenetic resolution is required to test this further. Phylogenetic signal appears to exist in some instances, including possible microornamentation synapomorphies for Uropeltidae and Melanophidium. These derived character states are found elsewhere within Squamata. A microornamentation of narrow, finely, and regularly spaced ridges is associated with scale iridescence. These ridges, and possibly pores/pits, are also associated with scales that are less wettable, and that therefore might be expected to be better at shedding dirt in moist conditions. Testable hypotheses are presented that might explain minor variations in the form of ridges and pits among uropeltids.