Concussions in adolescent athletes.

A concussion is defined as a complex pathophysiologic process affecting the brain that is induced by traumatic biomechanical forces. Concussions are caused by a direct or indirect blow that leads to a graded set of syndromes characterized by functional rather than structural disturbances to the brain. Concussions are characterized by a wide variety of presenting symptoms, including loss of consciousness, amnesia, confusion, headache, and nausea. Concussions occur in patients participating in all levels of athletic activities, with most occurring in younger athletes. The evaluation of a patient with a concussion should include assessment of the airway, breathing, circulation, level of consciousness, orientation, memory, concentration, and neurologic function. Multiple grading scales and return to play guidelines have been published to assist the clinician in the treatment of patients with concussions. Diagnostic and treatment concerns include spinal cord injury, intracranial pathology, second impact syndrome, and long-term impairment of cognitive function. Computerized neuropsychologic testing is a new tool in the treatment of concussions. These tests measure memory, new learning, attention, and reaction time and should be used as an adjunct to other tools for clinical decision making. Published guidelines will assist in treatment decisions; however, it should be kept in mind that all concussions are unique injuries.