Duramad Paurene, Harley Kim, Lipsett Michael, Bradman Asa, Eskenazi Brenda, Holland Nina T, Tager Ira B
Center for Children's Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7460, USA.
Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Dec;114(12):1916-22. doi: 10.1289/ehp.9306.
Children who reside in agricultural settings are potentially exposed to higher levels of organophosphate (OP) pesticides, endotoxin, and allergens than their urban counterparts. Endotoxin and allergens stimulate maturation of the immune response in early childhood, but little is known about the effect of exposures to OPs or to the three combined.
In this study, we investigated the relationships between these exposures and T-helper 1 (Th1) and T-helper 2 (Th2) cytokines, biomarkers of allergic asthma, in the subjects of CHAMACOS (Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas), a longitudinal birth cohort in Salinas Valley, California. Exposures were ascertained by interviewer-administered questionnaires and by home visits, and clinical diagnoses were abstracted from medical records. Blood samples were collected at 12 and 24 months of age and analyzed for Th1/Th2 status by flow cytometric detection of intracellular interferon-gamma/interleukin-4 cytokine expression.
Mean Th2 levels were significantly higher in children with doctor-diagnosed asthma and children with wheezing at 2 years of age. In a multiple linear regression model, exclusive breast-feeding at 1 month and pet ownership were associated with 35.3% (p < 0.01) and 34.5% (p = 0.01) increases in Th1, respectively. Maternal agricultural work and presence of gas stove in the home were associated with a 25.9% increase (p = 0.04) and 46.5% increase (p < 0.01) in Th2, respectively.
Asthma and wheeze outcomes in children at 24 months of age are associated with elevated Th2 status in children at an early age. Our data further suggest that early exposures to an agricultural environment, breast-feeding, pets, and gas stoves affect the development of children's Th1/Th2 immune response.
与城市儿童相比，居住在农业环境中的儿童可能接触到更高水平的有机磷（OP）农药、内毒素和过敏原。内毒素和过敏原会刺激幼儿免疫反应的成熟，但对于接触有机磷或三者共同接触的影响知之甚少。
在本研究中，我们调查了加利福尼亚州萨利纳斯山谷的一个纵向出生队列CHAMACOS（萨利纳斯母婴健康评估中心）的受试者中，这些暴露因素与过敏性哮喘的生物标志物辅助性T细胞1（Th1）和辅助性T细胞2（Th2）细胞因子之间的关系。通过访员管理的问卷和家访确定暴露情况，并从医疗记录中提取临床诊断信息。在12个月和24个月大时采集血样，通过流式细胞术检测细胞内干扰素-γ/白细胞介素-4细胞因子表达来分析Th1/Th2状态。
在2岁时被医生诊断为哮喘的儿童和喘息儿童中，平均Th2水平显著更高。在多元线性回归模型中，1个月时纯母乳喂养和养宠物分别使Th1增加35.3%（p<0.01）和34.5%（p = 0.01）。母亲从事农业工作和家中有燃气灶具分别使Th2增加25.9%（p = 0.04）和46.5%（p<0.01）。
24个月大儿童的哮喘和喘息结局与幼儿期Th2状态升高有关。我们的数据进一步表明，早期接触农业环境、母乳喂养、宠物和燃气灶具会影响儿童Th1/Th2免疫反应的发展。
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