Zhang Li-Bing, Simmons Mark P, Renner Susanne S
The Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166-0299, USA.
Mol Phylogenet Evol. 2007 Sep;44(3):1057-67. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2007.03.002. Epub 2007 Mar 13.
The Anisophylleaceae comprise 29-34 species of shrubs and trees occurring in lowland forests and swamps in tropical Africa, Asia, and South America. These species are placed in four genera with disjunct geographic distributions; Anisophyllea has 25-30 species in South America, Africa, and Malesia; Combretocarpus has one species in Sumatra and Borneo; Poga one species in equatorial Africa; and Polygonanthus two in the Amazon Basin. Here we use a phylogeny based on six nuclear and plastid loci sequenced for 15 species representing the four genera to infer their relationships and the relative and absolute ages of the range disjunctions. Combretocarpus is sister to the other three genera, and Polygonanthus then sister to Poga and Anisophyllea. Ansiophyllea, represented by 12 species from all three continents, is monophyletic. A relaxed Bayesian clock calibrated with the oldest fossils from a relevant outgroup, Tetramelaceae, suggests that the disjunctions between Combretocarpus, Poga, and Polygonanthus date back to the Cretaceous, Mid-, and Upper Eocene, whereas the intercontinental disjunctions within Anisophyllea appear to date back only some 22-23 million years and thus probably result from long-distance dispersal.
异叶树科包含29至34种灌木和乔木，分布于热带非洲、亚洲和南美洲的低地森林及沼泽地区。这些物种分置于四个属，地理分布间断；异叶树属在南美洲、非洲和马来群岛有25至30种；梳果檀属在苏门答腊和婆罗洲有1种；波加树属在赤道非洲有1种；多花山矾属在亚马逊盆地有2种。在此，我们基于对代表这四个属的15个物种测序的六个核基因座和质体基因座构建系统发育树，以推断它们之间的关系以及分布间断的相对和绝对年龄。梳果檀属是其他三个属的姊妹群，然后多花山矾属是波加树属和异叶树属的姊妹群。异叶树属以来自三大洲的12个物种为代表，是单系的。用来自相关外类群四数木科最古老的化石校准的宽松贝叶斯分子钟表明，梳果檀属、波加树属和多花山矾属之间的间断可追溯到白垩纪、始新世中期和晚期，而异叶树属内的洲际间断似乎仅可追溯到约2200万至2300万年前，因此可能是由远距离扩散造成的。
