Murine cytokine responses following multiple oral immunizations using lipid-formulated mycobacterial antigens.

Oral vaccination of mice with live Mycobacterium bovis BCG in lipid-formulation induces a gamma-interferon response that can be measured systemically, and confers protection against aerosolized mycobacterial challenge. Here, we have investigated cytokine responses following the vaccination, drawing comparisons between mice that received single or multiple oral immunizations and between mice receiving formulations containing live BCG or non-replicating mycobacterial antigens. Single oral immunization with lipid-formulated live BCG invoked secreted and cellular IFN-gamma responses in mice 8 weeks post-vaccination, the magnitudes of which were significantly elevated in mice receiving multiple immunizations over the 8-week period. Single oral immunization with live BCG also invoked an interleukin-2 response (but not TNF-alpha or IL-4), although the magnitude was not elevated by multiple immunizations. Multiple immunizations with lipid-formulated soluble or particulate non-replicating mycobacterial antigens failed to invoke cytokine responses, except for a low-level IFN-gamma response in mice multiple immunized with lipid-formulated heat-killed BCG. These results are discussed in contrast to the known patterns of cytokine induction following parenteral-route immunization with live or non-replicating mycobacterial antigens and with practical reference to the development of oral-delivery vaccines against tuberculosis.