Shariat Shahrokh F, Karam Jose A, Lotan Yair, Karakiewizc Pierre I
Rev Urol. 2008 Spring;10(2):120-35.
Bladder cancer is currently diagnosed using cystoscopy and cytology in patients with suspicious signs and symptoms. These tests are also used to monitor patients with a history of bladder cancer. The recurrence rate for bladder cancer is high, thus necessitating long-term follow-up. Urine cytology has high specificity but low sensitivity for low-grade bladder tumors. Recently, multiple noninvasive urine-based bladder cancer tests have been developed. Although several markers have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for bladder cancer surveillance, only a few are approved for detection of bladder cancer in high-risk patients.
目前,对于有可疑体征和症状的患者,膀胱癌通过膀胱镜检查和细胞学检查进行诊断。这些检查也用于监测有膀胱癌病史的患者。膀胱癌的复发率很高,因此需要长期随访。尿液细胞学检查对低级别膀胱肿瘤具有高特异性但低敏感性。最近,已经开发了多种基于尿液的非侵入性膀胱癌检测方法。尽管有几种标志物已被美国食品药品监督管理局批准用于膀胱癌监测,但只有少数几种被批准用于高危患者的膀胱癌检测。