Posttraumatic stress and immune dissonance.

Stress or neuroendocrine response usually occurs soon after trauma, which is central to the maintenance of post-traumatic homeostasis. Immune inflammatory response has been recognized to be a key element both in the pathogenesis of post-traumatic complications and in tissue repair. Despite the existence of multiple and intricate interconnected neuroendocrine pathways, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system have been considered to be the most important in trauma. Although the short-term and appropriate activation of these stress responses is vital to the host's adaptation, prolonged duration and exaggerative magnitude of their activity leads to deleterious effects on immune function in trauma, causing immune dissonance. The overall appropriate and controlled activation and termination of the neuroendocrine responses that mediate the necessary physiological functions involved in maintaining and restoring homeostasis in the event of trauma are of critical importance. This review will describe the effects of some important neuroendocrine responses on immune system. Present evidences indicate that the neuroendocrine and immune systems form a cohesive and integrated early host response to trauma, and identify areas for further research to fully elucidate the regulatory role of neuroendocrine system in trauma.