McDowd J, Madigan S
Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles 90089-1061.
Mem Cognit. 1991 Jul;19(4):371-7. doi: 10.3758/bf03197141.
Glenberg (1984) and others have theorized that greater recency effects are obtained with auditory as opposed to visual presentation because of greater temporal distinctiveness of items in auditory sequences. We tested a number of ways of enhancing visual distinctiveness, including the use of color, spatial location, and minimized visual interference. None of the seven experiments provided any evidence of improved recall from enhanced visual distinctiveness. In particular, no increase in recency effects was obtained with increased distinctiveness. Additional analyses of pairwise dependency in recall across serial positions also failed to show any evidence of the near-independence of recall of the terminal item that characterizes recall of auditory sequences. Visual-perceptual distinctiveness does not get mapped in any simple way onto memorial distinctiveness in an immediate-serial-recall task.
格伦伯格（1984年）等人提出理论，认为与视觉呈现相比，听觉呈现会产生更大的近因效应，因为听觉序列中项目的时间独特性更强。我们测试了多种增强视觉独特性的方法，包括使用颜色、空间位置以及最小化视觉干扰。七个实验均未提供任何证据表明增强视觉独特性会提高回忆效果。特别是，独特性增加并未带来近因效应的增加。对序列位置间回忆的成对依赖性进行的额外分析也未能显示出任何证据，证明终端项目回忆具有近乎独立性，而这是听觉序列回忆的特征。在即时序列回忆任务中，视觉感知独特性不会以任何简单方式映射到记忆独特性上。
