Inhibition of interleukin-10 signaling in lung dendritic cells by toll-like receptor 4 ligands.

The homeostatic microenvironment in lung is immunosuppressive and interleukin-10 (IL-10) helps maintain this microenvironment. Despite constitutive production of IL-10 in normal lung, macrophages (MØs) and dentritic cells (DCs) remain capable of responding to microorganisms, suggesting that these innate immune cells have a mechanism to override the immunosuppressive effects of IL-10. Prior studies by the authors revealed that Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands inhibit IL-10 receptor signaling in alveolar macrophages (AMØs), thereby obviating the immunosuppressive activity of IL-10. This report compares the immunologic phenotypes of AMØs and lung DCs and their ability to respond to IL-10 following exposure to microbial stimuli. IL-10 was constitutively produced by normal lung epithelium and exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vivo increased the expression of IL-10 during the first 24 hours. AMØs constitutively produced IL-10 mRNA, whereas both AMØs and LDCs constitutively expressed IL-12 mRNA. AMØs and LDCs, as well as bone marrow-derived MØs and DCs, had reduced capacity to activate STAT3 in response to IL-10 if pretreated with LPS. Inhibition was not associated with decreased expression of IL-10 receptor (IL-10R) and was dependent on the MyD88 signaling pathway. These results demonstrate a common underlying regulatory mechanism in both DCs and MØs by which microbial stimuli can override the immunosuppressive effect of constitutive IL-10 production in the lung.