Substance dependence and remission in schizophrenia: A comparison of schizophrenia and affective disorders.

The present study examined psychiatric functioning, substance use and consequences, and motivation to change in people with schizophrenia and affective disorders and current or remitted cocaine dependence. Data were collected as part of a naturalistic, longitudinal study examining substance use, motivation to change, and the process of change in people with schizophrenia and affective disorders who were currently dependent or in remission from cocaine dependence. We examined the following questions: (1) Do those in remission show better psychiatric functioning than those who are currently dependent? (2) How do people with schizophrenia and current cocaine dependence differ in terms of substance use and consequences from people with schizophrenia in remission and people with affective disorders and current drug dependence? (3) What internal factors and external factors are associated with changes in substance use in schizophrenia and how do these compare to those in nonpsychotic affective disorders? Results indicated that people with schizophrenia and current dependence reported higher levels of positive and negative symptoms than those in remission. Remission status was related to less use of other drugs, fewer days of drug problems, less distress from drug problems, and more lifetime drug-related consequences. Those with current dependence reported more days of drinking and drinking to intoxication, as well as higher rates of current alcohol use disorders than the remitted group. When compared to those with affective disorders and cocaine dependence, those with schizophrenia and current dependence reported fewer days of problems associated with their drug use, less distress from drug problems, and fewer recent and lifetime consequences associated with their drug use. The schizophrenia dependent group generally showed the lowest readiness to change, fewest efforts being made to change, and lowest confidence in the ability to change. Implications of these findings are discussed.