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不同阶段对竞争者的捕食行为:对蚊子入侵结果的影响

Stage-dependent predation on competitors: consequences for the outcome of a mosquito invasion.

作者信息

Alto Barry W, Kesavaraju Banugopan, Juliano Steven A, Lounibos L Philip

机构信息

Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA.

出版信息

J Anim Ecol. 2009 Sep;78(5):928-36. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2009.01558.x. Epub 2009 May 11.

Abstract
  1. Predator-mediated coexistence occurs when predation allows competitors to coexist, due to preferential consumption of a superior competitor relative to an inferior competitor. Differences between the native treehole mosquito (Aedes triseriatus) and the co-occurring Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) in anti-predatory larval behaviours account, in part, for the greater vulnerability of this invasive species to native predatory midge (Corethrella appendiculata). We test the hypothesis that stage-dependent differences in the sizes of A. albopictus and A. triseriatus larvae, relative to the size-limited C. appendiculata, contribute to differential consumption and the likelihood of predator-mediated coexistence of these competitors. 2. In all instars, larvae of A. triseriatus were larger than A. albopictus of the same stage. Third and fourth instar C. appendiculata selectively consumed late-stage A. albopictus in preference to same-stage A. triseriatus. Small, early-stage prey larvae did not differ in vulnerability to predation, but large, late-stage larvae differed significantly in vulnerability to predation, probably owing to size-limited predation by fourth instar C. appendiculata. This effect was less pronounced for third instar C. appendiculata. 3. Prey size, in conjunction with anti-predatory behavioural responses, alters the probability of predator-mediated coexistence. A stage-structured predation model showed that equally vulnerable early stages reduce the range of environmental conditions (productivities) in which predator-mediated coexistence is possible, increasing the likelihood of both competitive exclusion of the resident species or failure of the invasive to establish. These results underscore the importance of stage-dependent interspecific differences in predator-prey interactions for determining how predators may affect community composition.
摘要
  1. 当捕食行为使得竞争者能够共存时,就会出现捕食者介导的共存现象,这是因为相对于劣势竞争者,优势竞争者被优先捕食。本地树洞蚊(三带喙库蚊)与同时出现的亚洲虎蚊(白纹伊蚊)在幼虫抗捕食行为上的差异,部分解释了这种入侵物种对白纹伊蚊的更大脆弱性。我们检验了这样一个假设:相对于体型有限的附肢摇蚊,白纹伊蚊和三带喙库蚊幼虫在不同阶段的体型差异,导致了不同的被捕食量以及这些竞争者在捕食者介导下共存的可能性。2. 在所有龄期,三带喙库蚊的幼虫都比同阶段的白纹伊蚊大。三龄和四龄附肢摇蚊优先选择性捕食后期的白纹伊蚊,而非同阶段的三带喙库蚊。小型的早期猎物幼虫在被捕食的脆弱性上没有差异,但大型的后期幼虫在被捕食的脆弱性上有显著差异,这可能是由于四龄附肢摇蚊的捕食受体型限制。对于三龄附肢摇蚊来说,这种影响不太明显。3. 猎物大小,连同抗捕食行为反应,改变了捕食者介导的共存概率。一个阶段结构捕食模型表明,同样易受攻击的早期阶段会缩小捕食者介导共存可能发生的环境条件(生产力)范围,增加本地物种竞争排斥或入侵物种建立失败的可能性。这些结果强调了捕食者 - 猎物相互作用中阶段依赖性种间差异对于确定捕食者如何影响群落组成的重要性。

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