Biomarkers in bladder cancer.

Detailed molecular insights into bladder cancer biology might allow more detailed prognostication and optimization of treatment with the objective of improving patient outcome and quality of life. However, in bladder cancer research the search for biomarkers has been called into question and has even obtained notoriety. It is unlikely that any single marker will be able to improve prognostication for patients with bladder cancer above and beyond grade and stage, but a combination of multiple independent markers might more precisely predict the outcome. From a previous review, we identified seven biomarkers to study within the setting of the Bladder Cancer Prognosis Programme (BCPP), a 5-year multicentre programme of research based at the University of Birmingham and funded by Cancer Research UK, investigating their effectiveness in predicting recurrence and progression. As part of the ongoing quality-assurance process for BCPP we present an updated review of our selected biomarkers, as well as highlighting other recent important developments in bladder cancer research.