EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research and Department of Public and Occupational Health, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Sports Med. 2009;39(11):889-901. doi: 10.2165/11317880-000000000-00000.
Health benefits of physical activity in children are well known. However, a drawback is the risk of physical activity-related injuries. Children are at particular risk for these injuries, because of a high level of exposure. Because of the high prevalence of physical activity injuries and the negative short- and long-term consequences, prevention of these injuries in children is important. This article describes how we systematically developed a school-based physical activity injury prevention programme using the intervention mapping (IM) protocol. IM describes a process for developing theory- and evidence-based health promotion programmes. The development can be described in six steps: (i) perform a needs assessment; (ii) identify programme and performance objectives; (iii) select methods and strategies; (iv) develop programme; (v) adopt and implement; and (vi) evaluate. First, the results of the needs assessment showed the injury problem in children and the different risk factors for physical activity injuries. Based on the results of the needs assessment the main focus of the injury prevention programme was described. Second, the overall programme objective of the injury prevention programme was defined as reducing the incidence of lower extremity physical activity injuries. Third, theoretical methods and practical strategies were selected to accomplish a decrease in injury incidence. The theoretical methods used were active learning, providing cues and scenario-based risk information, and active processing of information. The practical strategy of the injury prevention programme was an 8-month course about injury prevention to be used in physical education classes in primary schools. Fourth, programme materials that were used in the injury prevention programme were developed, including newsletters for children and parents, posters, exercises to improve motor fitness, and an information website. Fifth, an implementation plan was designed in order to ensure that the prevention programme would be implemented, adopted and sustained over time. Finally, an evaluation plan was designed. The injury prevention programme is being evaluated in a cluster randomized controlled trial with more than 2200 children from 40 primary schools throughout the Netherlands. The IM process is a useful process for developing an injury prevention programme. Based on the steps of the IM we developed an 8-month injury prevention programme to be used in physical education classes of primary schools.
儿童进行身体活动的健康益处是众所周知的。然而，其缺点是身体活动相关损伤的风险。由于暴露程度高，儿童特别容易受到这些损伤的影响。由于身体活动损伤的高患病率以及短期和长期的负面影响，预防儿童受伤是很重要的。本文介绍了如何使用干预映射（IM）协议系统地开发基于学校的身体活动损伤预防计划。IM 描述了一种开发基于理论和证据的健康促进计划的过程。发展可以分为六个步骤：（一）进行需求评估；（二）确定计划和绩效目标；（三）选择方法和策略；（四）制定计划；（五）采用和实施；以及（六）评估。首先，需求评估的结果显示了儿童的受伤问题以及身体活动损伤的不同危险因素。基于需求评估的结果，描述了损伤预防计划的主要重点。其次，损伤预防计划的总体计划目标被定义为降低下肢身体活动损伤的发生率。第三，选择了理论方法和实际策略来实现降低损伤发生率。使用的理论方法是主动学习、提供线索和基于场景的风险信息，以及主动处理信息。损伤预防计划的实践策略是在小学体育课程中使用为期 8 个月的关于损伤预防的课程。第四，开发了用于损伤预防计划的计划材料，包括儿童和家长的通讯、海报、提高运动能力的练习以及信息网站。第五，设计了实施计划，以确保预防计划在一段时间内得到实施、采用和持续。最后，设计了评估计划。该损伤预防计划正在一项超过 2200 名来自荷兰 40 所小学的儿童的整群随机对照试验中进行评估。IM 过程是开发损伤预防计划的有用过程。基于 IM 的步骤，我们开发了一个为期 8 个月的损伤预防计划，用于小学的体育课。
