Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-5752, USA.
Fungal Biol. 2010 Feb-Mar;114(2-3):224-34. doi: 10.1016/j.funbio.2010.01.002. Epub 2010 Jan 28.
Phylogenetic relationships among Geastrales, Gomphales, Hysterangiales, and Phallales were estimated via combined sequences: nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA (nuc-25S-rDNA), mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal DNA (mit-12S-rDNA), and mitochondrial atp6 DNA (mit-atp6-DNA). Eighty-one taxa comprising 19 genera and 58 species were investigated, including members of the Clathraceae, Gautieriaceae, Geastraceae, Gomphaceae, Hysterangiaceae, Phallaceae, Protophallaceae, and Sphaerobolaceae. Although some nodes deep in the tree could not be fully resolved, some well-supported lineages were recovered, and the interrelationships among Gloeocantharellus, Gomphus, Phaeoclavulina, and Turbinellus, and the placement of Ramaria are better understood. Both Gomphus sensu lato and Ramaria sensu lato comprise paraphyletic lineages within the Gomphaceae. Relationships of the subgenera of Ramaria sensu lato to each other and to other members of the Gomphales were clarified. Within Gomphus sensu lato, Gomphus sensu stricto, Turbinellus, Gloeocantharellus and Phaeoclavulina are separated by the presence/absence of clamp connections, spore ornamentation (echinulate, verrucose, subreticulate or reticulate), and basidiomal morphology (fan-shaped, funnel-shaped or ramarioid). Gautieria, a sequestrate genus in the Gautieriaceae, was recovered as monophyletic and nested with members of Ramaria subgenus Ramaria. This agrees with previous observations of traits shared by these two ectomycorrhizal taxa, such as the presence of fungal mats in the soil. Clavariadelphus was recovered as a sister group to Beenakia, Kavinia, and Lentaria. The results reaffirm relationships between the Geastrales, Gomphales, Hysterangiales, and the Phallales, suggesting extensive convergence in basidiomal morphology among members of these groups. A more extensive sampling that focuses on other loci (protein-coding genes have been shown to be phylogenetically informative) may be useful to answer questions about evolutionary relationships among these fungal groups.
核大亚基核糖体 DNA（nuc-25S-rDNA）、线粒体小亚基核糖体 DNA（mit-12S-rDNA）和线粒体 atp6 DNA（mit-atp6-DNA），估计了地星目、鸡油菌目、蜡钉目和鬼笔目之间的系统发育关系。研究了包括地星科、Gautieriaceae、Geastraceae、Gomphaceae、Hysterangiaceae、Phallaceae、Protophallaceae 和 Sphaerobolaceae 在内的 19 个属和 58 个种的 81 个分类单元。虽然树中一些较深的节点无法完全解决，但一些得到很好支持的分支得到了恢复，并且更好地理解了 Glœocantharellus、Gomphus、Phaeoclavulina 和 Turbinellus 之间的相互关系以及 Ramaria 的位置。广义的 Gomphus 和 Ramaria 都包含在 Gomphaceae 中是一个并系的分支。阐明了 Ramaria 狭义的亚属彼此之间以及与其他鸡油菌目的成员之间的关系。在广义的 Gomphus 中，Gomphus 狭义、Turbinellus、Glœocantharellus 和 Phaeoclavulina 是通过有无夹连接、孢子纹饰（具刺、疣状、亚网纹或网纹）和担子果形态（扇形、漏斗形或 Ramarioid）来区分的。Gautieria，一种 Gautieriaceae 中的寄生属，被恢复为单系，并与 Ramaria 亚属的成员嵌套在一起。这与这两个外生菌根类群之间共享的特征一致，例如土壤中真菌垫的存在。Clavariadelphus 被恢复为 Beenakia、Kavinia 和 Lentaria 的姊妹群。结果再次确认了地星目、鸡油菌目、蜡钉目和鬼笔目之间的关系，表明这些群体成员的担子果形态有广泛的趋同进化。更广泛的采样，重点关注其他基因座（已证明蛋白质编码基因在系统发育上具有信息性），可能有助于回答这些真菌类群之间进化关系的问题。
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