Office of Pesticide Programs (Mail Code 7507P), US Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460, USA.
Integr Environ Assess Manag. 2011 Jan;7(1):116-40. doi: 10.1002/ieam.116.
The objective of this work is to present a critical review of the application of the tissue residue approach (TRA) in ecological risk and/or impact assessment (ERA) of chemical stressors and environmental criteria development. A secondary goal is to develop a framework for integrating the TRA into ecological assessments along with traditional, exposure concentration-based assessment approaches. Although widely recognized for its toxicological appeal, the utility of the TRA in specific applications will depend on numerous factors, such as chemical properties, exposure characteristics, assessment type, availability of tissue residue-response data, and ability to quantify chemical exposure. Therefore, the decision to use the TRA should include an evaluation of the relative strengths, limitations, and uncertainties among exposure and residue-based methods for characterizing toxicological effects. Furthermore, rather than supplanting exposure concentration-based toxicity assessments, the TRA can be highly effective for evaluating and reducing uncertainty when used in a complementary manner (e.g., when evaluating multiple lines of evidence in field studies). To address limitations with the available tissue residue-response data, approaches for extrapolating residue-based toxicity data across species, tissues, and exposure durations are discussed. Some of these approaches rely on predicted residue-response relationships or toxicological models that have an implicit residue-response basis (e.g., biotic ligand model). Because risk to an organism is a function of both its exposure potential and inherent sensitivity (i.e., on a residue basis), bioaccumulation models will be required not only for translating tissue residue criteria into corresponding water and sediment criteria, but also for defining the most vulnerable species in an assemblage (i.e., highly exposed and highly sensitive species). Application of the TRA in ecological assessments and criteria development are summarized for bioaccumulative organic chemicals, TBT, and in situ bioassays using bivalve molluscs.
本研究旨在对化学胁迫物和环境标准制定的生态风险和/或影响评估（ERA）中组织残留方法（TRA）的应用进行批判性回顾。次要目标是开发一个将 TRA 纳入生态评估的框架，以及传统的、基于暴露浓度的评估方法。尽管 TRA 在毒理学方面得到了广泛认可，但在特定应用中，TRA 的实用性将取决于许多因素，例如化学性质、暴露特征、评估类型、组织残留-反应数据的可用性以及量化化学暴露的能力。因此，使用 TRA 的决定应包括对暴露和残留方法在描述毒理学效应方面的相对优势、局限性和不确定性进行评估。此外，TRA 可以通过补充方式（例如，在现场研究中评估多条证据线时）进行评估和减少不确定性，从而可以高效地评估和减少不确定性，而不是取代基于暴露浓度的毒性评估。为了解决可用组织残留-反应数据的局限性，讨论了跨物种、组织和暴露时间推断残留基础毒性数据的方法。这些方法中的一些依赖于预测的残留-反应关系或具有隐含残留-反应基础的毒理学模型（例如，生物配体模型）。由于生物体的风险是其暴露潜力和固有敏感性（即基于残留）的函数，因此不仅需要生物积累模型将组织残留标准转化为相应的水和沉积物标准，还需要定义组合中最脆弱的物种（即高暴露和高敏感物种）。TRA 在生态评估和标准制定中的应用总结了生物累积性有机化学品、TBT 和使用双壳类软体动物的原位生物测定。
