Development of knowledge about the role of inference in text comprehension.

The goal of this research was to learn when children recognize that they make inferences to understand text, and how this knowledge affects their ability to revise text and to monitor its informativeness. In 4 experiments, first-, second-, and third-grade children (6-10 years) were presented with brief stories in which the physical cause of a target event was described explicitly, implied, or not mentioned in the text. In the first 3 experiments, children judged whether they had inferred the cause or if it had been explicitly mentioned in either the original or a revised version of the story. The results showed that for stories with implicit causes, first- and second-grade children tended to report that the causes had been explicitly mentioned, while third graders correctly reported that the causes were inferred. In the fourth experiment, children were asked to judge the difficulty of inferring the cause from problematic and ambiguous versions of the stories. Older children were more likely to report difficulties in inferring the target information. Third graders were also more likely to revise the texts to include additional information about the causes of the target events. The results show that younger children tend to attribute inferred information of the text, while older children clearly distinguish inferred and explicit text information.