黑猩猩中不存在第三方惩罚。
No third-party punishment in chimpanzees.
机构信息
Department of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
出版信息
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Sep 11;109(37):14824-9. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1203179109. Epub 2012 Aug 27.
Punishment can help maintain cooperation by deterring free-riding and cheating. Of particular importance in large-scale human societies is third-party punishment in which individuals punish a transgressor or norm violator even when they themselves are not affected. Nonhuman primates and other animals aggress against conspecifics with some regularity, but it is unclear whether this is ever aimed at punishing others for noncooperation, and whether third-party punishment occurs at all. Here we report an experimental study in which one of humans' closest living relatives, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), could punish an individual who stole food. Dominants retaliated when their own food was stolen, but they did not punish when the food of third-parties was stolen, even when the victim was related to them. Third-party punishment as a means of enforcing cooperation, as humans do, might therefore be a derived trait in the human lineage.
惩罚可以通过阻止搭便车和欺骗来帮助维持合作。在大规模的人类社会中，第三方惩罚尤为重要，即个体即使自己不受影响，也会惩罚违规者或违反规范者。非人类灵长类动物和其他动物会定期攻击同种个体，但尚不清楚这是否是为了惩罚他人不合作，以及是否存在第三方惩罚。在这里，我们报告了一项实验研究，其中人类最亲近的亲属之一——黑猩猩（Pan troglodytes）——可以惩罚偷食物的个体。当自己的食物被偷时，优势个体进行报复，但当第三方的食物被偷时，它们不会进行惩罚，即使受害者与它们有关。因此，像人类一样，作为执行合作的一种手段的第三方惩罚，可能是人类谱系中的一种衍生特征。
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