消除脊髓灰质炎进展--乍得，2011 年 1 月至 2012 年 8 月。

Progress toward poliomyelitis eradication--Chad, January 2011-August 2012.

出版信息

MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012 Oct 26;61(42):858-62.

Abstract

In 1988, the World Health Assembly launched the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) to interrupt transmission of wild poliovirus (WPV). By January 2012, indigenous WPV transmission had been interrupted in all countries except Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Nigeria. However, importation of WPV caused outbreaks in 29 and reestablished transmission in four, previously polio-free African countries during 2003-2011. Transmission after WPV importation is considered reestablished when it continues for ≥ 12 months; in Chad, transmissions of WPV type 3 (WPV3) and WPV type 1 (WPV1) were reestablished. WPV3 was imported from Nigeria in 2007 and continued to circulate; the latest reported WPV3 case occurred on March 10, 2011. Transmission of WPV1 continued after a WPV1 case was imported from Nigeria in September 2010; the latest reported WPV1 occurred on June 14, 2012. This report updates previous reports and describes polio eradication activities and progress in Chad during January 2011-August 2012, as of October 2, 2012. Five WPV1 cases were reported during January-August 2012, compared with 111 WPV1 cases and three WPV3 cases reported during the same period in 2011. Five circulating type 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV2) cases occurred during July-August 2012. Current progress suggests that Chad could interrupt reestablished WPV transmission in 2012, although limitations in surveillance hamper the ability to detect ongoing transmission. Furthermore, with ongoing endemic WPV transmission in Nigeria, Chad remains at risk for new WPV importations. Efforts to strengthen surveillance and enhance routine and campaign immunization performance will need to continue in Chad to ensure interruption of reestablished WPV transmission, limit circulation after any WPV importation, and interrupt transmission of cVDPV.

摘要

1988 年，世界卫生大会发起全球消灭脊灰炎行动（GPEI），以阻断野生脊灰病毒（WPV）的传播。截至 2012 年 1 月，除阿富汗、巴基斯坦和尼日利亚外，所有国家都已阻断了本土 WPV 的传播。然而，2003-2011 年期间，WPV 的输入导致 29 个国家暴发疫情，并使 4 个先前无脊灰的非洲国家重新出现传播。WPV 输入后若持续传播 12 个月以上，则被视为重新出现传播；乍得出现了 3 型脊灰病毒（WPV3）和 1 型脊灰病毒（WPV1）的重新传播。2007 年 WPV3 从尼日利亚输入，之后持续传播；截至 2012 年 10 月 2 日，最新报告的 WPV3 病例发生于 2011 年 3 月 10 日。2010 年 9 月 WPV1 输入病例后 WPV1 持续传播；截至 2012 年 10 月 2 日，最新报告的 WPV1 病例发生于 2012 年 6 月 14 日。本报告更新了以往报告，描述了 2011 年 1 月至 2012 年 8 月期间乍得的脊灰炎消灭工作和进展情况。2012 年 1 月至 8 月报告了 5 例 WPV1 病例，而 2011 年同期报告了 111 例 WPV1 病例和 3 例 WPV3 病例。2012 年 7 月至 8 月报告了 5 例循环 2 型疫苗衍生脊灰病毒（cVDPV2）病例。目前进展情况表明，乍得有可能在 2012 年阻断重新出现的 WPV 传播，但监测方面的局限性阻碍了对正在传播的病毒的检测。此外，由于尼日利亚仍有地方性 WPV 传播，乍得仍面临新 WPV 输入的风险。乍得需要继续加强监测，提高常规免疫和强化免疫接种的效果，以阻断重新出现的 WPV 传播，限制 WPV 输入后的病毒循环，并阻断 cVDPV 的传播。