Reversible and cyclical transformations between solid and hollow nanostructures in confined reactions of manganese oxide and silica within nanosized spheres.

Annealing of MnO@SiO(2) nanospheres in a reducing gas environment resulted in the transformation of the core-shell structure into a hollow structure as a result of outward diffusion of MnO species into the thermodynamically more stable silicate phase. When the hollow silicate nanospheres were oxidized, the interior cavities were refilled with a Mn(3)O(4) phase segregated from the silicate phase, and the hollow structure reverted to the initial core-shell structure. More interestingly, when catalytically active Pt nanocrystals were introduced into the manganese oxide/silica system, the Mn(3)O(4) was readily reduced to the chemically reactive MnO, even at low temperature, which enabled reconversion of the solid nanospheres with a Mn(3)O(4) core to hollow nanostructures during reductive annealing. Therefore, when MnO@SiO(2)/Pt(II) nanospheres were subjected to an oxidation/reduction cycle by repeatedly switching the flowing gas between air and hydrogen, the nanospheres underwent a reversible change between solid and hollow structures, depending on the gas environment. The solid-to-hollow-to-solid transformation was successfully cycled many times simply by repeatedly switching the flowing gas during annealing.