Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, No 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, Taiwan.
Res Dev Disabil. 2013 Jan;34(1):710-20. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2012.10.005. Epub 2012 Nov 5.
Deficits in short-term memory are common in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but their current ADHD symptoms cannot well predict their short-term performance. Taking a developmental perspective, we wanted to clarify the association between ADHD symptoms at early childhood and short-term memory in late childhood and adolescence. The participants included 401 patients with a clinical diagnosis of DSM-IV ADHD, 213 siblings, and 176 unaffected controls aged 8-17 years (mean age, 12.02 ± 2.24). All participants and their mothers were interviewed using the Chinese Kiddie Epidemiologic version of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia to obtain information about ADHD symptoms and other psychiatric disorders retrospectively, at an earlier age first, then currently. The participants were assessed with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children--3rd edition, including Digit Span, and the Spatial working memory task of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery. Multi-level regression models were used for data analysis. Although crude analyses revealed that inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity symptoms significantly predicted deficits in short-term memory, only inattention symptoms had significant effects (all p<0.001) in a model that included all three ADHD symptoms. After further controlling for comorbidity, age of assessment, treatment with methylphenidate, and Full-scale IQ, the severity of childhood inattention symptoms was still significantly associated with worse verbal (p = 0.008) and spatial (p ranging from 0.017 to 0.002) short-term memory at the current assessment. Therefore, our findings suggest that earlier inattention symptoms are associated with impaired verbal and visuo-spatial short-term memory at a later development stage. Impaired short-term memory in adolescence can be detected earlier by screening for the severity of inattention in childhood.
注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）青少年的短期记忆缺陷较为常见，但他们目前的 ADHD 症状并不能很好地预测他们的短期表现。从发展的角度来看，我们想澄清 ADHD 症状在儿童早期与儿童后期和青少年时期的短期记忆之间的关联。参与者包括 401 名患有 DSM-IV ADHD 临床诊断的患者、213 名兄弟姐妹和 176 名未受影响的对照者，年龄在 8-17 岁之间（平均年龄 12.02 ± 2.24）。所有参与者及其母亲均接受了儿童流行病学版本的 DSM-IV 定式访谈，以回顾性地获得 ADHD 症状和其他精神障碍的信息，首先是在较早的年龄，然后是目前。参与者接受了韦氏儿童智力量表-3 版的评估，包括数字跨度和剑桥神经心理测试自动化电池的空间工作记忆任务。多水平回归模型用于数据分析。尽管初步分析表明，注意力不集中、多动和冲动症状显著预测了短期记忆缺陷，但在一个包括所有三种 ADHD 症状的模型中，只有注意力不集中症状有显著影响（所有 p<0.001）。在进一步控制共病、评估年龄、使用哌甲酯治疗和全量表智商后，儿童期注意力不集中症状的严重程度仍与当前评估中较差的言语（p = 0.008）和空间（p 范围从 0.017 到 0.002）短期记忆显著相关。因此，我们的研究结果表明，早期的注意力不集中症状与后期发展阶段的言语和视空间短期记忆受损有关。通过筛查儿童期注意力不集中的严重程度，可以更早地发现青少年时期的短期记忆受损。
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