美国 2 至 6 岁儿童饮食摄入趋势，1989-2008 年。
Trends in dietary intake among US 2- to 6-year-old children, 1989-2008.
机构信息
Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA.
出版信息
J Acad Nutr Diet. 2013 Jan;113(1):35-42. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2012.08.022.
BACKGROUND
Between 1989 and 2008, obesity increased markedly in children of all ages. We examined changes in the diets of children ages 2 to 6 years in the United States between 1989 and 2008. Our study provides new insight into diet changes that might have contributed to the sharp rise in obesity during this period.
OBJECTIVE
Our aim was to describe changes in diet among 2- to 6-year-old children from 1989 to 2008 related to sharp rises in obesity during this period.
PARTICIPANTS
This analysis included 10,647 children ages 2 to 6 years from the following five nationally representative surveys of dietary intake in the United States: Continuing Survey of Food Intake in Individuals 1989-1991 and 1994-1998 and the What We Eat In America, National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2003-2004, 2005-2006, and 2007-2008. Diet data were categorized into groupings using the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill approach.
STATISTICAL ANALYSES
Analyses were carried out using a single 24-hour dietary recall with appropriate survey weighting. T tests were used to compare means across survey years, with P<0.05 considered significant.
RESULTS
During the 20-year period, there were increases in per capita intake of savory snacks (+51 kcal; P<0.01), pizza/calzones (+32 kcal; P<0.01), sweet snacks and candy (+25 kcal; P<0.01), mixed Mexican dishes (+22 kcal; P<0.01), and fruit juice (+18 kcal; P<0.01), and total daily energy intake increased by 109 kcal (from 1,475 to 1,584 kcal) (P<0.05). Fruit intake increased marginally (+24 kcal; P<0.01). Six of the 10 greatest absolute changes in per capita intake between sequential survey years occurred between Continuing Survey of Food Intake in Individuals 1994-1998 and National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2003-2004 (P<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Foods high in added sugars and solid fats, such as savory snacks, pizza/calzones, mixed Mexican dishes, sweet snacks and candy, and fruit juice, predominated the top changes in per capita consumption between 1989 and 2008.
背景
1989 年至 2008 年间，各年龄段儿童的肥胖率显著上升。我们研究了 1989 年至 2008 年间美国 2 至 6 岁儿童饮食的变化。我们的研究提供了新的见解，可能有助于解释在此期间肥胖率的急剧上升。
目的
我们的目的是描述 1989 年至 2008 年间 2 至 6 岁儿童的饮食变化，这些变化与该期间肥胖率的急剧上升有关。
参与者
本分析包括来自美国以下五项全国代表性膳食摄入调查的 10647 名 2 至 6 岁儿童：1989-1991 年和 1994-1998 年持续个人食物摄入调查以及美国饮食、国家健康和营养检查调查 2003-2004 年、2005-2006 年和 2007-2008 年。饮食数据使用北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校的方法进行分组。
统计分析
使用单一的 24 小时膳食回顾和适当的调查权重进行分析。使用 t 检验比较各调查年份的平均值，P<0.05 被认为具有统计学意义。
结果
在 20 年期间，人均咸味小吃（+51 卡路里；P<0.01）、比萨/烤饼（+32 卡路里；P<0.01）、甜零食和糖果（+25 卡路里；P<0.01）、混合墨西哥菜（+22 卡路里；P<0.01）和果汁（+18 卡路里；P<0.01）的摄入量增加，总日能量摄入增加 109 卡路里（从 1475 卡路里增加到 1584 卡路里）（P<0.05）。水果摄入量略有增加（+24 卡路里；P<0.01）。在连续调查年份之间，人均摄入量绝对变化最大的前 10 项中有 6 项发生在连续个人食物摄入调查 1994-1998 年和国家健康和营养检查调查 2003-2004 年之间（P<0.05）。
结论
在 1989 年至 2008 年期间，人均消费变化最大的是添加糖和固体脂肪含量高的食物，如咸味小吃、比萨/烤饼、混合墨西哥菜、甜零食和糖果以及果汁。
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