Assessment of DNA damage in sperm after repeated non-invasive sampling in zebrafish Danio rerio.

Repeated non-invasive sampling of zebrafish Danio rerio sperm was conducted, sperm counts were obtained and a method for measurement of DNA damage in sperm was developed and validated (single-cell gel electrophoresis, comet, assay). DNA damage in sperm increased with concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 , 0-200 µM), and in vitro exposure of sperm to 200 µM H2 O2 produced 88·7 ± 3·9% tail DNA compared to unexposed controls [12 ± 0·7% tail DNA (mean ± s.e., n = 3)]. Frequency of sperm sampling (sampled every 2, 4 or 7 days) did not affect DNA damage in sperm, but sperm counts decreased 57 and 22% for fish sampled every 2 or 4 days, respectively.