意志力的信念决定了葡萄糖对自我控制的影响。
Beliefs about willpower determine the impact of glucose on self-control.
机构信息
Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, 8050 Zurich, Switzerland.
出版信息
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Sep 10;110(37):14837-42. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1313475110. Epub 2013 Aug 19.
Past research found that the ingestion of glucose can enhance self-control. It has been widely assumed that basic physiological processes underlie this effect. We hypothesized that the effect of glucose also depends on people's theories about willpower. Three experiments, both measuring (experiment 1) and manipulating (experiments 2 and 3) theories about willpower, showed that, following a demanding task, only people who view willpower as limited and easily depleted (a limited resource theory) exhibited improved self-control after sugar consumption. In contrast, people who view willpower as plentiful (a nonlimited resource theory) showed no benefits from glucose--they exhibited high levels of self-control performance with or without sugar boosts. Additionally, creating beliefs about glucose ingestion (experiment 3) did not have the same effect as ingesting glucose for those with a limited resource theory. We suggest that the belief that willpower is limited sensitizes people to cues about their available resources including physiological cues, making them dependent on glucose boosts for high self-control performance.
过去的研究发现，摄入葡萄糖可以增强自我控制能力。人们普遍认为，这种效果是基于基本的生理过程。我们假设葡萄糖的作用也取决于人们对意志力的理论。三项实验，既测量（实验 1）又操纵（实验 2 和 3）了对意志力的理论，表明在完成一项艰巨的任务后，只有那些将意志力视为有限且容易耗尽的人（一种有限资源理论）在食用糖后会改善自我控制。相比之下，那些将意志力视为丰富的人（一种非有限资源理论）则不会从葡萄糖中受益——他们在有无糖增强剂的情况下都表现出了高水平的自我控制能力。此外，对于那些持有限资源理论的人来说，创造关于葡萄糖摄入的信念（实验 3）并没有与摄入葡萄糖产生相同的效果。我们认为，意志力有限的信念使人们对包括生理线索在内的可用资源线索敏感，使他们依赖葡萄糖增强剂来实现高自我控制能力。
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