剖析同理心：高程度的精神病态和自闭症特质的特点是在不同的社会信息处理领域存在困难。
Dissecting empathy: high levels of psychopathic and autistic traits are characterized by difficulties in different social information processing domains.
机构信息
Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London London, UK.
出版信息
Front Hum Neurosci. 2013 Nov 13;7:760. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00760. eCollection 2013.
Individuals with psychopathy or autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can behave in ways that suggest lack of empathy towards others. However, many different cognitive and affective processes may lead to unempathic behavior and the social processing profiles of individuals with high psychopathic vs. ASD traits are likely different. Whilst psychopathy appears characterized by problems with resonating with others' emotions, ASD appears characterized by problems with cognitive perspective-taking. In addition, alexithymia has previously been associated with both disorders, but the contribution of alexithymia needs further exploration. In a community sample (N = 110) we show for the first time that although affective resonance and cognitive perspective-taking are related, high psychopathic traits relate to problems with resonating with others' emotions, but not cognitive perspective taking. Conversely, high ASD traits relate to problems with cognitive perspective-taking but not resonating with others' emotions. Alexithymia was associated with problems with affective resonance independently of psychopathic traits, suggesting that different component processes (reduced tendency to feel what others feel and reduced ability to identify and describe feelings) comprise affective resonance. Alexithymia was not associated with the reduced cognitive perspective-taking in high ASD traits. Our data suggest that (1) elevated psychopathic and ASD traits are characterized by difficulties in different social information processing domains and (2) reduced affective resonance in individuals with elevated psychopathic traits and the reduced cognitive perspective taking in individuals with elevated ASD traits are not explained by co-occurring alexithymia. (3) Alexithymia is independently associated with reduced affective resonance. Consequently, our data point to different component processes within the construct of empathy that are suggestive of partially separable cognitive and neural systems.
个体的精神病态或自闭症谱系障碍 (ASD) 可能表现出对他人缺乏同理心的行为。然而，许多不同的认知和情感过程可能导致缺乏同理心的行为，并且具有高精神病态特质与 ASD 特质的个体的社会处理特征可能不同。虽然精神病态似乎以与他人的情绪共鸣问题为特征，但 ASD 似乎以认知换位思考问题为特征。此外，述情障碍以前与这两种疾病都有关联，但述情障碍的贡献需要进一步探索。在一个社区样本中（N=110），我们首次表明，尽管情感共鸣和认知换位思考相关，但高精神病态特质与与他人的情绪共鸣问题有关，而与认知换位思考无关。相反，高 ASD 特质与认知换位思考问题有关，而与与他人的情绪共鸣无关。述情障碍与情感共鸣问题有关，与精神病态特质无关，这表明不同的组成过程（减少对他人感受的感受倾向和减少识别和描述感受的能力）构成了情感共鸣。述情障碍与高 ASD 特质中认知换位思考的减少无关。我们的数据表明，（1）高精神病态和 ASD 特质的特点是在不同的社会信息处理领域存在困难，（2）高精神病态特质个体的情感共鸣减少和高 ASD 特质个体的认知换位思考减少不能用共病的述情障碍来解释。（3）述情障碍与情感共鸣减少独立相关。因此，我们的数据表明，同理心的构建中有不同的组成过程，提示存在部分可分离的认知和神经系统。
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