基于体素的形态测量法检测到超马拉松运动员大脑灰质出现局部强化的可逆性减少。
Regionally accentuated reversible brain grey matter reduction in ultra marathon runners detected by voxel-based morphometry.
作者信息
Freund Wolfgang, Faust Sonja, Gaser Christian, Grön Georg, Birklein Frank, Wunderlich Arthur P, Müller Marguerite, Billich Christian, Schütz Uwe H
机构信息
Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
出版信息
BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2014 Jan 17;6(1):4. doi: 10.1186/2052-1847-6-4.
BACKGROUND
During the 4,487 km ultra marathon TransEurope-FootRace 2009 (TEFR09), runners showed catabolism with considerable reduction of body weight as well as reversible brain volume reduction. We hypothesized that ultra marathon athletes might have developed changes to grey matter (GM) brain morphology due to the burden of extreme physical training. Using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) we undertook a cross sectional study and two longitudinal studies.
METHODS
Prior to the start of the race 13 runners volunteered to participate in this study of planned brain scans before, twice during, and 8 months after the race. A group of matched controls was recruited for comparison. Twelve runners were able to participate in the scan before the start of the race and were taken into account for comparison with control persons. Because of drop-outs during the race, VBM could be performed in 10 runners covering the first 3 time points, and in 7 runners who also had the follow-up scan after 8 months. Volumetric 3D datasets were acquired using an MPRAGE sequence. A level of p < 0.05, family-wise corrected for multiple comparisons was the a priori set statistical threshold to infer significant effects from VBM.
RESULTS
Baseline comparison of TEFR09 participants and controls revealed no significant differences regarding GM brain volume. During the race however, VBM revealed GM volume decreases in regionally distributed brain regions. These included the bilateral posterior temporal and occipitoparietal cortices as well as the anterior cingulate and caudate nucleus. After eight months, GM normalized.
CONCLUSION
Contrary to our hypothesis, we did not observe significant differences between TEFR09 athletes and controls at baseline. If this missing difference is not due to small sample size, extreme physical training obviously does not chronically alter GM.However, during the race GM volume decreased in brain regions normally associated with visuospatial and language tasks. The reduction of the energy intensive default mode network as a means to conserve energy during catabolism is discussed. The changes were reversible after 8 months.Despite substantial changes to brain composition during the catabolic stress of an ultra marathon, the observed differences seem to be reversible and adaptive.
背景
在2009年4487公里的超马拉松“穿越欧洲赛跑”（TEFR09）期间，跑步者出现了分解代谢，体重显著减轻，脑容量也出现了可逆性减少。我们推测，由于极端体能训练的负担，超马拉松运动员的灰质（GM）脑形态可能发生了变化。我们使用基于体素的形态测量法（VBM）进行了一项横断面研究和两项纵向研究。
方法
在比赛开始前，13名跑步者自愿参与这项计划中的脑部扫描研究，扫描时间为比赛前、比赛期间两次以及比赛后8个月。招募了一组匹配的对照组进行比较。12名跑步者能够在比赛开始前参与扫描，并被纳入与对照组人员进行比较。由于比赛期间有人退出，VBM能够在10名跑步者中进行，涵盖前3个时间点，在7名跑步者中也进行了8个月后的随访扫描。使用MPRAGE序列获取三维体积数据集。p < 0.05的水平，经家族性多重比较校正，是预先设定的统计阈值，用于从VBM推断显著效应。
结果
TEFR09参与者与对照组的基线比较显示，灰质脑容量无显著差异。然而，在比赛期间，VBM显示区域分布的脑区灰质体积减少。这些区域包括双侧颞叶后部和枕顶叶皮质以及前扣带回和尾状核。8个月后，灰质恢复正常。
结论
与我们的假设相反，我们在基线时未观察到TEFR09运动员与对照组之间存在显著差异。如果这种差异不存在不是由于样本量小，那么极端体能训练显然不会长期改变灰质。然而，在比赛期间，与视觉空间和语言任务通常相关的脑区灰质体积减少。讨论了能量密集型默认模式网络的减少作为分解代谢期间保存能量的一种方式。这些变化在8个月后是可逆的。尽管在超马拉松的分解代谢应激期间大脑组成发生了重大变化，但观察到的差异似乎是可逆的且具有适应性。
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