Jidovtseff B, Quievre J, Harris N K, Cronin J B
Service of Training and Assessment of Physical Fitness Department of Sports Sciences University of Liege, Liege, Belgium -
J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2014 Apr;54(2):129-38.
Different jumping strategies can be used during plyometric training. Understanding how manipulating variables such as the counter-movement, flexion amplitude, the drop and the load could influence neuromuscular adaptation would be beneficial for coaches and athletes. The purpose of this study was to analyze how these variations in the vertical jump influenced kinematic and kinetic parameters as measured by a force platform.
Ten male subjects performed, eight kinds of vertical jumps on a force platform: (1) squat jump (SJ); (2) shallow counter-movement jump (S-CMJ); (3) natural counter-movement jump (N-CMJ); (4) deep counter-movement jump (D-CMJ); (5) loaded (20kg) counter-movement jump (20-CMJ); (6) shallow drop jump (S-DJ); (7) deep drop jump (D-DJ); (8) six consecutive jump test (6CJ). Customised Labview software was used to calculate time, displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, power, impulse and stiffness. After statistical analysis, jumping variables were grouped to achieve specific training objectives.
The mechanical parameters were largely influenced by the jump strategy, all the deep jumps produced superior jump heights and concentric velocities as compared to the shallow jumps. The exercises associated with greater power outputs were the S-DJ (5386±1095 W) and 6CJ (5795±1365 W) that involved short impulse durations and very high accelerations. The greatest values of muscle stiffness were not recorded during the highest vertical jumps, meaning that stiffness is not critical for jumping high.
This study gives an overview of what is changing when we manipulate jumping variables and instructions given to the athletes. Plyometric exercises should be carefully selected according to the sport and specific individual needs.
在增强式训练中可采用不同的跳跃策略。了解如何操控诸如反向动作、屈曲幅度、下落高度和负荷等变量会影响神经肌肉适应性，这对教练和运动员将有所助益。本研究的目的是分析这些垂直跳跃中的变化如何影响通过测力平台测量的运动学和动力学参数。
十名男性受试者在测力平台上进行了八种垂直跳跃：(1) 深蹲跳 (SJ)；(2) 浅反向动作跳 (S-CMJ)；(3) 自然反向动作跳 (N-CMJ)；(4) 深反向动作跳 (D-CMJ)；(5) 负重（20 千克）反向动作跳 (20-CMJ)；(6) 浅跳深 (S-DJ)；(7) 深跳深 (D-DJ)；(8) 连续六次跳跃测试 (6CJ)。使用定制的 Labview 软件计算时间、位移、速度、加速度、力、功率、冲量和刚度。经过统计分析后，将跳跃变量进行分组以实现特定的训练目标。
力学参数在很大程度上受跳跃策略的影响，与浅跳相比，所有深跳产生的跳跃高度和向心速度都更高。与更高功率输出相关的练习是 S-DJ（5386±1095 瓦）和 6CJ（5795±1365 瓦），它们涉及较短的冲量持续时间和非常高的加速度。在最高垂直跳跃过程中并未记录到最大肌肉僵硬度值，这意味着僵硬度对于跳高并非至关重要。
本研究概述了在我们操控跳跃变量并向运动员给出指令时会发生哪些变化。应根据运动项目和特定的个人需求仔细选择增强式练习。
