Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology.
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.
Curr Genomics. 2013 Dec;14(8):518-33. doi: 10.2174/1389202914666131210210241.
Epinephrine (E) and sympathetic nerve stimulation were described by Thomas Renton Elliott in 1905 for the first time. Dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), E, and serotonin (5-HT) belong to the classic biogenic amines (or monoamines). Parkinson's disease (PD) is among the diseases in which it has been established that catecholamines may account for the neurodegeneration of central and peripheral catecholamine neural systems. PD is a chronic and progressive neurological disorder characterized by resting tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia, affecting 2% of individuals above the age of 65 years. This disorder is a result of degeneration of DA-producing neurons of the substantia nigra and a significant loss of noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus. In PD and other related neurodegerative diseases, catecholamines play the role of endogenous neurotoxins. Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and/or monoamine oxidase (MAO) catalyze the metabolism of monoamines. However, the monoamine transporters for DA, NE, and 5-HT namely DAT, NET, and SERT, respectively regulate the monoamine concentration. The metabolism of catecholamines and 5-HT involves common factors. Monoamine transporters represent targets for many pharmacological agents that affect brain function, including psychostimulators and antidepressants. In PD, polymorphisms of the COMT, MAO, DAT, NET, and 5- HTT genes may change the levels of biogenic amines and their metabolic products. The currently available therapies for PD improve the symptoms but do not halt the progression of the disease. The most effective treatment for PD patients is therapy with L-dopa. Combined therapy for PD involves a DA agonist and decarboxylase, MAOs and COMT inhibitors, and is the current optimal form of PD treatment maintaining monoamine balance.
肾上腺素（E）和交感神经刺激于 1905 年首次由托马斯·伦顿·埃利奥特（Thomas Renton Elliott）描述。多巴胺（DA）、去甲肾上腺素（NE）、E 和 5-羟色胺（5-HT）属于经典的生物胺（或单胺）。帕金森病（PD）是已经确定儿茶酚胺可能导致中枢和外周儿茶酚胺神经系统神经退行性变的疾病之一。PD 是一种慢性进行性神经系统疾病，其特征为静止性震颤、僵硬和运动迟缓，影响 65 岁以上人群的 2%。这种疾病是由于黑质中产生 DA 的神经元变性和蓝斑中去甲肾上腺素能神经元的大量丧失引起的。在 PD 和其他相关神经退行性疾病中，儿茶酚胺起着内源性神经毒素的作用。儿茶酚-O-甲基转移酶（COMT）和/或单胺氧化酶（MAO）催化单胺的代谢。然而，DA、NE 和 5-HT 的单胺转运体，即 DAT、NET 和 SERT，分别调节单胺浓度。儿茶酚胺和 5-HT 的代谢涉及共同因素。单胺转运体是许多影响大脑功能的药理学药物的靶点，包括精神兴奋剂和抗抑郁药。在 PD 中，COMT、MAO、DAT、NET 和 5-HTT 基因的多态性可能改变生物胺及其代谢产物的水平。目前用于 PD 的治疗方法可改善症状，但不能阻止疾病的进展。PD 患者最有效的治疗方法是使用左旋多巴进行治疗。PD 的联合治疗包括多巴胺激动剂和脱羧酶、MAOs 和 COMT 抑制剂，是维持单胺平衡的目前最佳 PD 治疗形式。
