定义成功老龄化：一个切实存在还是难以捉摸的概念？
Defining successful aging: a tangible or elusive concept?
作者信息
Martin Peter, Kelly Norene, Kahana Boaz, Kahana Eva, Willcox Bradley J, Willcox D Craig, Poon Leonard W
机构信息
Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Iowa State University, Ames.
Department of Psychology, Cleveland State University, Ohio.
出版信息
Gerontologist. 2015 Feb;55(1):14-25. doi: 10.1093/geront/gnu044. Epub 2014 May 18.
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
Everyone wants to age successfully; however, the definition and criteria of successful aging remain vague for laypersons, researchers, and policymakers in spite of decades of research on the topic. This paper highlights work of scholars who made significant theoretical contributions to the topic.
DESIGN AND METHODS
A thorough review and evaluation of the literature on successful aging was undertaken.
RESULTS
Our review includes early gerontological definitions of successful aging and related concepts. Historical perspectives reach back to philosophical and religious texts, and more recent approaches have focused on both process- and outcome-oriented models of successful aging. We elaborate on Baltes and Baltes' theory of selective optimization with compensation [Baltes, P. B., & Baltes, M. M. (1990a). Psychological perspectives on successful aging: The model of selective optimization with compensation. In P. B. Baltes & M. M. Baltes (Eds.), Successful aging: Perspectives from the behavioral sciences (pp. 1-34). United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press], Kahana and Kahana's preventive and corrective proactivity model [Kahana, E., & Kahana, B. (1996). Conceptual and empirical advances in understanding aging well through proactive adaptation. In V. Bengtson (Ed.), Adulthood and aging: Research on continuities and discontinuities (pp. 18-40). New York: Springer], and Rowe and Kahn's model of successful aging [Rowe, J. W., & Kahn, R. L. (1998). Successful aging. New York: Pantheon Books], outlining their commonalities and differences. Additional views on successful aging emphasize subjective versus objective perceptions of successful aging and relate successful aging to studies on healthy and exceptional longevity.
IMPLICATIONS
Additional theoretical work is needed to better understand successful aging, including the way it can encompass disability and death and dying. The extent of rapid social and technological change influencing views on successful aging also deserves more consideration.
研究目的
每个人都希望成功变老；然而，尽管对该主题进行了数十年的研究，但成功老龄化的定义和标准对外行人、研究人员和政策制定者来说仍然模糊不清。本文重点介绍了对该主题做出重大理论贡献的学者的工作。
设计与方法
对关于成功老龄化的文献进行了全面回顾和评估。
结果
我们的综述包括成功老龄化及相关概念的早期老年学定义。历史视角可追溯到哲学和宗教文本，而最近的方法则侧重于成功老龄化的过程导向型和结果导向型模型。我们详细阐述了巴尔特斯和巴尔特斯的选择性优化与补偿理论[巴尔特斯，P.B.，&巴尔特斯，M.M.（1990a）。成功老龄化的心理学视角：选择性优化与补偿模型。载于P.B.巴尔特斯&M.M.巴尔特斯（编），《成功老龄化：行为科学视角》（第1 - 34页）。英国：剑桥大学出版社]、卡哈纳和卡哈纳的预防性和矫正性主动模型[卡哈纳，E.，&卡哈纳，B.（1996）。通过主动适应更好地理解衰老的概念和实证进展。载于V.本格森（编），《成年与衰老：连续性与不连续性研究》（第18 - 40页）。纽约：施普林格出版社]以及罗和卡恩的成功老龄化模型[罗，J.W.，&卡恩，R.L.（1998）。《成功老龄化》。纽约：万神殿图书公司]，概述了它们的异同。关于成功老龄化的其他观点强调成功老龄化的主观与客观认知，并将成功老龄化与健康和超长寿命研究联系起来。
启示
需要更多的理论工作来更好地理解成功老龄化，包括其涵盖残疾、死亡和临终的方式。快速的社会和技术变革对成功老龄化观点的影响程度也值得更多关注。
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