te Velde Saskia J, ChinAPaw Mai J M, De Bourdeaudhuij Ilse, Bere Elling, Maes Lea, Moreno Luis, Jan Nataša, Kovacs Eva, Manios Yannis, Brug Johannes
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, P,O, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2014 Jul 8;11:82. doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-11-82.
The family, and parents in particular, are considered the most important influencers regarding children's energy-balance related behaviours (EBRBs). When children become older and gain more behavioural autonomy regarding different behaviours, the parental influences may become less important and peer influences may gain importance. Therefore the current study aims to investigate simultaneous and interactive associations of family rules, parent and friend norms and modelling with soft drink intake, TV viewing, daily breakfast consumption and sport participation among schoolchildren across Europe.
A school-based cross-sectional survey in eight countries across Europe among 10-12 year old schoolchildren. Child questionnaires were used to assess EBRBs (soft drink intake, TV viewing, breakfast consumption, sport participation), and potential determinants of these behaviours as perceived by the child, including family rules, parental and friend norms and modelling. Linear and logistic regression analyses (n = 7811) were applied to study the association of parental (norms, modelling and rules) and friend influences (norm and modelling) with the EBRBs. In addition, potential moderating effects of parental influences on the associations of friend influences with the EBRBs were studied by including interaction terms.
Children reported more unfavourable friend norms and modelling regarding soft drink intake and TV viewing, while they reported more favourable friend and parental norms and modelling for breakfast consumption and physical activity. Perceived friend and parental norms and modelling were significantly positively associated with soft drink intake, breakfast consumption, physical activity (only modelling) and TV time. Across the different behaviours, ten significant interactions between parental and friend influencing variables were found and suggested a weaker association of friend norms and modelling when rules were in place.
Parental and friends norm and modelling are associated with schoolchildren's energy balance-related behaviours. Having family rules or showing favourable parental modelling and norms seems to reduce the potential unfavourable associations of friends' norms and modelling with the EBRBs.
家庭，尤其是父母，被认为是儿童能量平衡相关行为（EBRB）最重要的影响因素。当孩子长大，在不同行为上获得更多行为自主性时，父母的影响可能变得不那么重要，同伴的影响可能变得更加重要。因此，本研究旨在调查欧洲各地学童家庭规则、父母和朋友规范以及榜样示范与软饮料摄入、看电视、每日早餐消费和体育活动之间的同时性和交互性关联。
在欧洲八个国家对10至12岁学童进行基于学校的横断面调查。使用儿童问卷评估EBRB（软饮料摄入、看电视、早餐消费、体育活动）以及儿童所感知的这些行为的潜在决定因素，包括家庭规则、父母和朋友的规范以及榜样示范。应用线性和逻辑回归分析（n = 7811）来研究父母（规范、榜样示范和规则）和朋友影响（规范和榜样示范）与EBRB之间的关联。此外，通过纳入交互项来研究父母影响对朋友影响与EBRB关联的潜在调节作用。
孩子们报告说，在软饮料摄入和看电视方面，朋友的规范和榜样示范更不利，而在早餐消费和体育活动方面，他们报告说朋友和父母的规范及榜样示范更有利。感知到的朋友和父母的规范及榜样示范与软饮料摄入、早餐消费、体育活动（仅榜样示范）和看电视时间显著正相关。在不同行为中，发现父母和朋友影响变量之间有10个显著的交互作用，表明有规则时朋友规范和榜样示范的关联较弱。
父母和朋友的规范及榜样示范与学童的能量平衡相关行为有关。制定家庭规则或展现出有利的父母榜样示范和规范似乎能减少朋友的规范和榜样示范与EBRB之间潜在的不利关联。
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