Cole Claire E, Zapp Daniel J, Fettig Nicole B, Pérez-Edgar Koraly
Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.
Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.
J Exp Child Psychol. 2016 Jan;141:210-21. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2015.09.012. Epub 2015 Oct 23.
Early temperamental sensitivity may form the basis for the later development of socioemotional maladjustment. In particular, temperamental negative affect places children at risk for the development of anxiety. However, not all children who show negative affect go on to develop anxiety or extreme social withdrawal. Recent research indicates that reactive control, in the form of attention to threat, may serve as a bridge between early temperament and the development of later social difficulties. In addition, variation in effortful control may also modulate this trajectory. Children (mean age=5.57 years) were assessed for attention bias to threatening and pleasant faces using a dot-probe paradigm. Attention bias to threatening (but not happy) faces moderated the direct positive relation between negative affect and social withdrawal. Children with threat biases showed a significant link between negative affect and social withdrawal, whereas children who avoided threat did not. In contrast, effortful control did not moderate the relation between negative affect and social withdrawal. Rather, there was a direct negative relation between effortful control and social withdrawal. The findings from this short report indicate that the relations among temperament, attention bias, and social withdrawal appears early in life and point to early emerging specificity in reactive and regulatory functioning.
早期的气质敏感性可能构成后期社会情绪失调发展的基础。特别是，气质性消极情绪使儿童面临焦虑发展的风险。然而，并非所有表现出消极情绪的儿童都会发展为焦虑或极度社交退缩。最近的研究表明，以对威胁的关注形式存在的反应性控制，可能是早期气质与后期社会困难发展之间的桥梁。此外，努力控制的差异也可能调节这一发展轨迹。研究人员使用点探测范式评估了儿童（平均年龄 = 5.57岁）对威胁性和愉悦性面孔的注意偏向。对威胁性（而非愉悦性）面孔的注意偏向调节了消极情绪与社交退缩之间的直接正相关关系。有威胁偏向的儿童在消极情绪与社交退缩之间表现出显著关联，而回避威胁的儿童则没有。相比之下，努力控制并未调节消极情绪与社交退缩之间的关系。相反，努力控制与社交退缩之间存在直接的负相关关系。这份简短报告的研究结果表明，气质、注意偏向和社交退缩之间的关系在生命早期就已出现，并指出了反应性和调节性功能中早期出现的特异性。
