Occurrence, distribution and source apportionment of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in sediments and soils from the Liaohe River Basin, China.

The occurrence and spatial distribution of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) were investigated in sediments, upland and paddy soils from the Liaohe River Basin. Concentrations of ΣPCNs were in the range of 0.33-12.49 ng g(-1) dry weight (dw) in sediments and 0.61-6.60 ng g(-1) dw in soils, respectively. Tri-CNs and tetra-CNs were the dominating homologues. An increasing trend of PCNs contamination was found in sediments with the rivers flowing through industrial areas and cities. Soils collected near cities exhibited higher abundance of PCNs than that of rural areas. The distribution of PCNs was related to the local industrial activities, rather than total organic carbon. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was used for the source apportionment of PCNs in sediments and paddy soils. The result of PMF indicated that PCNs in sediments and paddy soils were mainly from the industrial processes, with additional contributions from the historical use of Halowax 1014 and atmospheric deposition.