Virtanen Pekka, Hammarström Anne, Janlert Urban
University of Tampere, School of Health Sciences, Tampere, 33014, Finland.
Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Social Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
Int J Equity Health. 2016 Jan 20;15:14. doi: 10.1186/s12939-016-0305-0.
Earlier research shows that there is an association between unemployment and poor mental health, and that recovery from the damages to mental health obtained during unemployment remains incomplete over a long period of time. The present study relates this 'mental health scarring' to the trade cycle, exploring if those exposed to youth unemployment during boom differ from those exposed during recession with respect to mental health in the middle age.
The sample consists of two cohorts from the same industrial town in Northern Sweden: the cohort born in 1965 and the cohort born in 1973 included all pupils attending the last grade of compulsory school, respectively, in 1981 and in 1989. Their depressiveness and anxiousness were assessed by questionnaires at age 21 and again at age 43/39. Mental health at follow-up was related to exposure to unemployment during age years 21-25. Statistical significance of the cohort*exposure interactions from binary logistic regression analyses were used to assess the cohort differences in the mental health between Cohort65 and Cohort73, entering the labour market, respectively, during a boom and a recession.
Compared to the unexposed, high exposure to unemployment at the age from 21 to 25 was associated to increased probability of poor mental health in the middle age in both in Cohort65 (odds ratio 2.19 [1.46-3.30] for anxiousness and 1.85 [1.25-2.74]for depressiveness) and in Cohort73 (odds ratio 2.13 [1.33-3.39] for anxiousness and 1.38 [0.89-2.14] for depressiveness). The differences between the cohorts also turned out as statistically non-significant.
The scars of unemployment exposure onto future health seem to be rather insensitive to economic trades. Thus, at the population level this would mean that the long-term health costs that can be attributed to youth unemployment are more widespread in the generation that suffers of recession around the entry to the work life.
早期研究表明，失业与心理健康状况不佳之间存在关联，而且在失业期间对心理健康造成的损害，在很长一段时间内都无法完全恢复。本研究将这种“心理健康创伤”与商业周期联系起来，探讨在经济繁荣时期经历青年失业的人与在经济衰退时期经历青年失业的人在中年时的心理健康状况是否存在差异。
样本包括来自瑞典北部同一工业城镇的两个队列：1965年出生的队列和1973年出生的队列，分别包括1981年和1989年所有就读于义务教育最后一年级的学生。在他们21岁和43/39岁时通过问卷调查评估他们的抑郁程度和焦虑程度。随访时的心理健康状况与21 - 25岁期间的失业经历有关。二元逻辑回归分析中，队列*暴露交互作用的统计学显著性用于评估Cohort65和Cohort73队列在心理健康方面的差异，这两个队列分别在经济繁荣和衰退时期进入劳动力市场。
与未经历失业的人相比，21至25岁期间高失业暴露与Cohort65队列（焦虑的优势比为2.19 [1.46 - 3.30]，抑郁的优势比为1.85 [1.25 - 2.74]）和Cohort73队列（焦虑的优势比为2.13 [1.33 - 3.39]，抑郁的优势比为1.38 [0.89 - 2.14]）中年时心理健康状况不佳的概率增加有关。队列之间的差异在统计学上也不显著。
失业暴露对未来健康的创伤似乎对经济周期相当不敏感。因此，在人口层面上，这意味着可归因于青年失业的长期健康成本在进入工作生活时经历衰退的一代人中更为普遍。
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