van Waateringe Robert P, Slagter Sandra N, van der Klauw Melanie M, van Vliet-Ostaptchouk Jana V, Graaff Reindert, Paterson Andrew D, Lutgers Helen L, Wolffenbuttel Bruce H R
Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Eur J Clin Invest. 2016 May;46(5):481-90. doi: 10.1111/eci.12627. Epub 2016 Apr 15.
Skin autofluorescence (SAF) is a noninvasive marker of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). In diabetes, higher SAF levels have been positively associated with long-term complications, cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Because little is known about the factors that influence SAF in nondiabetic individuals, we assessed the association of clinical and lifestyle parameters with SAF as well as their interactions in a large-scale, nondiabetic population and performed the same analysis in a type 2 diabetic subgroup.
In a cross-sectional study in participants from the LifeLines Cohort Study, extensive clinical and biochemical phenotyping, including SAF measurement, was assessed in 9009 subjects of whom 314 (3·5%) subjects with type 2 diabetes.
Mean SAF was 2·04 ± 0·44 arbitrary units (AU) in nondiabetic individuals and 2·44 ± 0·55 AU in type 2 diabetic subjects (P < 0·0001). Multivariate backward regression analysis showed that in the nondiabetic population, SAF was significantly and independently associated with age, BMI, HbA1c, creatinine clearance, genetic polymorphism in NAT2 (rs4921914), current smoking, pack-years of smoking and coffee consumption. In the type 2 diabetic group, a similar set of factors was associated with SAF, except for coffee consumption.
In addition to the established literature on type 2 diabetes, we have demonstrated that SAF levels are associated with several clinical and lifestyle factors in the nondiabetic population. These parameters should be taken into consideration when using SAF as a screening or prediction tool for populations at risk for cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
皮肤自发荧光（SAF）是晚期糖基化终末产物（AGEs）的一种非侵入性标志物。在糖尿病患者中，较高的SAF水平与长期并发症、心血管发病率和死亡率呈正相关。由于对于非糖尿病个体中影响SAF的因素知之甚少，我们在大规模非糖尿病人群中评估了临床和生活方式参数与SAF的关联及其相互作用，并在2型糖尿病亚组中进行了同样的分析。
在一项来自生命线队列研究参与者的横断面研究中，对9009名受试者进行了广泛的临床和生化表型分析，包括SAF测量，其中314名（3.5%）为2型糖尿病患者。
非糖尿病个体的平均SAF为2.04±0.44任意单位（AU），2型糖尿病患者为2.44±0.55 AU（P<0.0001）。多变量向后回归分析显示，在非糖尿病人群中，SAF与年龄、体重指数、糖化血红蛋白、肌酐清除率、NAT2基因多态性（rs4921914）、当前吸烟、吸烟包年数和咖啡摄入量显著且独立相关。在2型糖尿病组中，除咖啡摄入量外，一组类似的因素与SAF相关。
除了关于2型糖尿病的现有文献外，我们还证明了在非糖尿病人群中SAF水平与多种临床和生活方式因素相关。在将SAF用作心血管疾病和糖尿病高危人群的筛查或预测工具时，应考虑这些参数。
