Poletto Jamilynn B, Cocherell Dennis E, Mussen Timothy D, Ercan Ali, Bandeh Hossein, Kavvas M Levent, Cech Joseph J, Fangue Nann A
Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology , University of California, Davis , One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 , USA.
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of California, Davis , One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 , USA.
Conserv Physiol. 2015 Sep 15;3(1):cov040. doi: 10.1093/conphys/cov040. eCollection 2015.
Diversion (i.e. extraction) of water from rivers and estuaries can potentially affect native wildlife populations if operation is not carefully managed. For example, open, unmodified water diversions can act as a source of injury or mortality to resident or migratory fishes from entrainment and impingement, and can cause habitat degradation and fragmentation. Fish-protection devices, such as exclusion screens, louvres or sensory deterrents, can physically or behaviourally deter fish from approaching or being entrained into water diversions. However, empirical assessment of their efficacy is often lacking or is investigated only for particular economically or culturally important fishes, such as salmonids. The Southern population of anadromous green sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris) is listed as threatened in California, and there is a high density of water diversions located within their native range (the Sacramento-San Joaquin watershed). Coupled with their unique physiology and behaviour compared with many other fishes native to California, the green sturgeon is susceptible to entrainment into diversions and is an ideal species with which to study the efficacy of mitigation techniques. Therefore, we investigated juvenile green sturgeon (188-202 days post-hatch) in the presence of several fish-protection devices to assess behaviour and entrainment risk. Using a large experimental flume (∼500 kl), we found that compared with an open diversion pipe (control), the addition of a trash-rack box, louvre box, or perforated cylinder on the pipe inlet all significantly reduced the proportion of fish that were entrained through the pipe (P = 0.03, P = 0.028, and P = 0.028, respectively). Likewise, these devices decreased entrainment risk during a single movement past the pipe by between 60 and 96%. These fish-protection devices should decrease the risk of fish entrainment during water-diversion activities.
如果对从河流和河口取水（即引水）的操作管理不当，可能会对当地野生动物种群产生潜在影响。例如，开放式、未改良的取水口可能会因夹带和撞击而对本地或洄游鱼类造成伤害或死亡，并可能导致栖息地退化和破碎化。鱼类保护装置，如滤网、百叶窗或感官威慑装置，可以通过物理或行为方式阻止鱼类靠近或被卷入取水口。然而，对其效果的实证评估往往缺乏，或者仅针对某些具有经济或文化重要性的特定鱼类进行研究，比如鲑科鱼类。溯河洄游的绿鲟（Acipenser medirostris）南方种群在加利福尼亚州被列为受威胁物种，且在其原生范围内（萨克拉门托 - 圣华金河流域）有高密度的取水口。与加利福尼亚州的许多其他本土鱼类相比，绿鲟具有独特的生理和行为特征，易被卷入取水口，是研究缓解技术效果的理想物种。因此，我们在几种鱼类保护装置存在的情况下，对绿鲟幼鱼（孵化后188 - 202天）进行了研究，以评估其行为和被卷入的风险。使用一个大型实验水槽（约500千升），我们发现，与开放式引水管道（对照）相比，在管道入口处添加拦污栅箱、百叶窗箱或多孔圆柱体，均显著降低了通过管道被卷入的鱼类比例（分别为P = 0.03、P = 0.028和P = 0.028）。同样，这些装置在鱼类单次经过管道时，将被卷入的风险降低了60%至96%。这些鱼类保护装置应能降低引水活动期间鱼类被卷入的风险。
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