Vourvopoulos Athanasios, Bermúdez I Badia Sergi
Faculdade das Ciências Exatas e da Engenharia, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal.
Madeira Interactive Technologies Institute, Polo Científico e Tecnológico da Madeira, Caminho da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal.
J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2016 Aug 9;13(1):69. doi: 10.1186/s12984-016-0173-2.
The use of Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) technology in neurorehabilitation provides new strategies to overcome stroke-related motor limitations. Recent studies demonstrated the brain's capacity for functional and structural plasticity through BCI. However, it is not fully clear how we can take full advantage of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying recovery and how to maximize restoration through BCI. In this study we investigate the role of multimodal virtual reality (VR) simulations and motor priming (MP) in an upper limb motor-imagery BCI task in order to maximize the engagement of sensory-motor networks in a broad range of patients who can benefit from virtual rehabilitation training.
In order to investigate how different BCI paradigms impact brain activation, we designed 3 experimental conditions in a within-subject design, including an immersive Multimodal Virtual Reality with Motor Priming (VRMP) condition where users had to perform motor-execution before BCI training, an immersive Multimodal VR condition, and a control condition with standard 2D feedback. Further, these were also compared to overt motor-execution. Finally, a set of questionnaires were used to gather subjective data on Workload, Kinesthetic Imagery and Presence.
Our findings show increased capacity to modulate and enhance brain activity patterns in all extracted EEG rhythms matching more closely those present during motor-execution and also a strong relationship between electrophysiological data and subjective experience.
Our data suggest that both VR and particularly MP can enhance the activation of brain patterns present during overt motor-execution. Further, we show changes in the interhemispheric EEG balance, which might play an important role in the promotion of neural activation and neuroplastic changes in stroke patients in a motor-imagery neurofeedback paradigm. In addition, electrophysiological correlates of psychophysiological responses provide us with valuable information about the motor and affective state of the user that has the potential to be used to predict MI-BCI training outcome based on user's profile. Finally, we propose a BCI paradigm in VR, which gives the possibility of motor priming for patients with low level of motor control.
脑机接口（BCI）技术在神经康复中的应用为克服中风相关的运动限制提供了新策略。最近的研究通过BCI证明了大脑的功能和结构可塑性。然而，我们如何充分利用恢复背后的神经生物学机制以及如何通过BCI实现最大程度的恢复尚不完全清楚。在本研究中，我们调查多模态虚拟现实（VR）模拟和运动启动（MP）在一项上肢运动想象BCI任务中的作用，以便在广泛的可从虚拟康复训练中受益的患者中最大程度地激发感觉运动网络的参与。
为了研究不同的BCI范式如何影响大脑激活，我们在受试者内设计中设计了3种实验条件，包括沉浸式多模态虚拟现实与运动启动（VRMP）条件，即用户必须在BCI训练前进行运动执行，沉浸式多模态VR条件，以及具有标准2D反馈的对照条件。此外，还将这些条件与明显的运动执行进行了比较。最后，使用一组问卷收集关于工作量、动觉想象和临场感的主观数据。
我们的研究结果表明，在所有提取的脑电图节律中，调节和增强大脑活动模式的能力有所提高，这些节律与运动执行期间出现的节律更紧密匹配，并且电生理数据与主观体验之间存在密切关系。
我们的数据表明，VR尤其是MP可以增强明显运动执行期间出现的大脑模式的激活。此外，我们显示了半球间脑电图平衡的变化，这可能在运动想象神经反馈范式中促进中风患者的神经激活和神经可塑性变化方面发挥重要作用。此外，心理生理反应的电生理相关性为我们提供了有关用户运动和情感状态的有价值信息，这些信息有可能用于根据用户概况预测MI-BCI训练结果。最后，我们提出了一种VR中的BCI范式，这为运动控制水平较低的患者提供了运动启动的可能性。
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