加纳上西部地区和北部地区饮用水源地下水质量评估。
Assessment of the quality of groundwater for drinking purposes in the Upper West and Northern regions of Ghana.
作者信息
Saana Sixtus Bieranye Bayaa Martin, Fosu Samuel Asiedu, Sebiawu Godfred Etsey, Jackson Napoleon, Karikari Thomas
机构信息
Department of Dispensing Technology, School of Applied Science and Technology, Wa Polytechnic, Wa, Ghana.
Department of Science Laboratory Technology, School of Applied Science and Technology, Wa Polytechnic, Wa, Ghana.
出版信息
Springerplus. 2016 Nov 22;5(1):2001. doi: 10.1186/s40064-016-3676-1. eCollection 2016.
BACKGROUND
Underground water is an important natural resource serving as a reliable source of drinking water for many people worldwide, especially in developing countries. Underground water quality needs to be given a primary research and quality control attention due to possible contamination. This study was therefore designed to determine the physico-chemical and bacteriological quality of borehole water in the Upper West and Northern regions of Ghana.
METHODS
The study was conducted in seven districts in Ghana (including six in the Upper West region and one in the Northern region). The bacterial load of the water samples was determined using standard microbiological methods. Physico-chemical properties including pH, total alkalinity, temperature, turbidity, true colour, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, total iron, calcium ion, magnesium ion, chloride ion, fluoride ion, aluminium ion, arsenic, ammonium ions, nitrate and nitrite concentrations were determined. The values obtained were compared with the World Health Organization (WHO) standards for drinking water.
RESULTS
The recorded pH, total alkalinity and temperature ranges were 6.14-7.50, 48-240 mg/l and 28.8-32.8 °C, respectively. Furthermore, the mean concentrations of iron, calcium, magnesium, chloride, fluoride, aluminium, arsenic, ammonium, nitrate and nitrite were 0.06, 22.11, 29.84, 13.97, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0.01, 2.09 and 0.26 mg/l, respectively. Turbidity, true colour, TDS and electrical conductivity of the water samples ranged from 0.13 to 105 NTU, 5 to 130 HU, 80.1 to 524 mg/l and 131 to 873 µS/cm, respectively. In addition, the mean total hardness value was found to be 178.07 mg/l whereas calcium hardness and magnesium hardness respectively were 55.28 and 122.79 mg/l. Only 14% of the water samples tested positive for faecal coliforms.
CONCLUSION
The study revealed that only a few of the values for the bacteriological and physico-chemical parameters of the water samples were above the tolerable limits recommended by the WHO. This calls for regular monitoring and purification of boreholes to ensure good water quality.
背景
地下水是一种重要的自然资源，为全球许多人，尤其是发展中国家的人们提供可靠的饮用水源。由于可能受到污染，地下水质量需要得到首要的研究和质量控制关注。因此，本研究旨在确定加纳上西部地区和北部地区井水的物理化学和细菌学质量。
方法
该研究在加纳的七个地区进行（包括上西部地区的六个地区和北部地区的一个地区）。使用标准微生物学方法测定水样的细菌载量。测定了包括pH值、总碱度、温度、浊度、真色度、总溶解固体（TDS）、电导率、总硬度、钙硬度、镁硬度、总铁、钙离子、镁离子、氯离子、氟离子、铝离子、砷、铵离子、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐浓度在内的物理化学性质。将获得的值与世界卫生组织（WHO）的饮用水标准进行比较。
结果
记录的pH值、总碱度和温度范围分别为6.14 - 7.50、48 - 240mg/l和28.8 - 32.8°C。此外，铁、钙、镁、氯、氟、铝、砷、铵、硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的平均浓度分别为0.06、22.11、29.84、13.97、0.00、0.00、0.00、0.01、2.09和0.26mg/l。水样的浊度、真色度、TDS和电导率范围分别为0.13至105NTU、5至130HU、80.1至524mg/l和131至873µS/cm。此外，发现平均总硬度值为178.07mg/l，而钙硬度和镁硬度分别为55.28和122.79mg/l。仅14%的水样粪大肠菌群检测呈阳性。
结论
该研究表明，水样的细菌学和物理化学参数中只有少数值高于世界卫生组织建议的可容忍限度。这就要求定期监测和净化水井，以确保良好的水质。
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