Greater Coronary Heart Disease Risk With Lower Intensity and Longer Duration Smoking Compared With Higher Intensity and Shorter Duration Smoking: Congruent Results Across Diverse Cohorts.

INTRODUCTION

Relative risks (RRs) for coronary heart disease (CHD) by cigarettes/day exhibit a concave pattern, implying the RR increase with each additional cigarette/day consumed decreases with greater intensity. Interpreting this pattern faces limitations, since cigarettes/day alone does not fully characterize smoking-related exposure. A more complete understanding of smoking and CHD risk requires a more comprehensive representation of smoking.

METHODS

Using Poisson regression, we applied a RR model in pack-years and cigarettes/day to analyze two diverse cohorts, the US Agricultural Health Study, with 4396 CHD events and 1 425 976 person-years of follow-up, and the Finnish Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study, with 5979 CHD events and 486 643 person-years.

RESULTS

In both cohorts, the concave RR pattern with cigarettes/day was consistent with cigarettes/day modifying a linear RR association for CHD by pack-years within categories of cigarettes/day, indicating that strength of the pack-years association depended on cigarettes/day (p < .01). For example, at 50 pack-years (365 000 total cigarettes), estimated RRs of CHD were 2.1 for accrual at 20 cigarettes/day and 1.5 for accrual at 50 cigarettes/day.

CONCLUSIONS

RRs for CHD increased with pack-years with smoking intensities affecting the strength of association. For equal pack-years, smoking fewer cigarettes/day for longer duration was more deleterious than smoking more cigarettes/day for shorter duration. We have now observed inverse smoking intensity effects in multiple cohorts with differing smoking patterns and other characteristics, suggesting a common underlying phenomenon.

IMPLICATIONS

Risk of CHD increases with pack-years of smoking, but accrual intensity strongly influences the strength of the association, such that smoking fewer cigarettes/day for longer duration is more deleterious than smoking more cigarettes/day for shorter duration. This observation offers clues to better understanding biological mechanisms, and reinforces the importance of cessation rather than smoking less to reduce CHD risk.