大范围雪豹系统地理学研究支持三个亚种。
Range-Wide Snow Leopard Phylogeography Supports Three Subspecies.
作者信息
Janecka Jan E, Zhang Yuguang, Li Diqiang, Munkhtsog Bariushaa, Bayaraa Munkhtsog, Galsandorj Naranbaatar, Wangchuk Tshewang R, Karmacharya Dibesh, Li Juan, Lu Zhi, Uulu Kubanychbek Zhumabai, Gaur Ajay, Kumar Satish, Kumar Kesav, Hussain Shafqat, Muhammad Ghulam, Jevit Matthew, Hacker Charlotte, Burger Pamela, Wultsch Claudia, Janecka Mary J, Helgen Kristofer, Murphy William J, Jackson Rodney
机构信息
Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282; Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China; The Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of State Forestry Administration, Beijing, China; Institute of General and Experimental Biology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, Irbis Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia; Bhutan Foundation, Washington, DC; Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, Missoula, MT; Center for Molecular Dynamics, Kathmandu, Nepal; Panthera, New York, NY; Center for Nature and Society, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China; Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA; Shan Shui Conservation Center, Beijing, China; Snow Leopard Trust, Seattle, WA; Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India; Trinity College, Hartford, CT; Baltistan Wildlife Conservation and Development Organization, Skardu, Pakistan; Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Vienna, Austria; American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY; Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX; University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; and Snow Leopard Conservancy, Sonoma, CA 95476.
出版信息
J Hered. 2017 Sep 1;108(6):597-607. doi: 10.1093/jhered/esx044.
The snow leopard, Panthera uncia, is an elusive high-altitude specialist that inhabits vast, inaccessible habitat across Asia. We conducted the first range-wide genetic assessment of snow leopards based on noninvasive scat surveys. Thirty-three microsatellites were genotyped and a total of 683 bp of mitochondrial DNA sequenced in 70 individuals. Snow leopards exhibited low genetic diversity at microsatellites (AN = 5.8, HO = 0.433, HE = 0.568), virtually no mtDNA variation, and underwent a bottleneck in the Holocene (∼8000 years ago) coinciding with increased temperatures, precipitation, and upward treeline shift in the Tibetan Plateau. Multiple analyses supported 3 primary genetic clusters: (1) Northern (the Altai region), (2) Central (core Himalaya and Tibetan Plateau), and (3) Western (Tian Shan, Pamir, trans-Himalaya regions). Accordingly, we recognize 3 subspecies, Panthera uncia irbis (Northern group), Panthera uncia uncia (Western group), and Panthera uncia uncioides (Central group) based upon genetic distinctness, low levels of admixture, unambiguous population assignment, and geographic separation. The patterns of variation were consistent with desert-basin "barrier effects" of the Gobi isolating the northern subspecies (Mongolia), and the trans-Himalaya dividing the central (Qinghai, Tibet, Bhutan, and Nepal) and western subspecies (India, Pakistan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan). Hierarchical Bayesian clustering analysis revealed additional subdivision into a minimum of 6 proposed management units: western Mongolia, southern Mongolia, Tian Shan, Pamir-Himalaya, Tibet-Himalaya, and Qinghai, with spatial autocorrelation suggesting potential connectivity by dispersing individuals up to ∼400 km. We provide a foundation for global conservation of snow leopard subspecies, and set the stage for in-depth landscape genetics and genomic studies.
雪豹（Panthera uncia）是一种难以捉摸的高海拔物种，栖息于亚洲广袤且难以到达的栖息地。我们基于非侵入性粪便调查，首次对雪豹进行了全分布范围的遗传评估。对70只个体的33个微卫星进行了基因分型，并对总共683个碱基对的线粒体DNA进行了测序。雪豹在微卫星上表现出低遗传多样性（等位基因数AN = 5.8，观察杂合度HO = 0.433，期望杂合度HE = 0.568），线粒体DNA几乎没有变异，并且在全新世（约8000年前）经历了一次瓶颈，这与青藏高原气温升高、降水增加以及林线上移相吻合。多项分析支持3个主要遗传簇：（1）北部（阿尔泰山地区），（2）中部（喜马拉雅核心区和青藏高原），以及（3）西部（天山、帕米尔、跨喜马拉雅地区）。因此，基于遗传独特性、低水平的混合、明确的种群归属以及地理隔离，我们确认了3个亚种，即雪豹北方亚种（Panthera uncia irbis，北方种群）、雪豹指名亚种（Panthera uncia uncia，西方种群）和雪豹西藏亚种（Panthera uncia uncioides，中部种群）。变异模式与戈壁沙漠的“屏障效应”一致，该效应隔离了北方亚种（蒙古），而跨喜马拉雅山脉则分隔了中部（青海、西藏、不丹和尼泊尔）和西部亚种（印度、巴基斯坦、塔吉克斯坦和吉尔吉斯斯坦）。层次贝叶斯聚类分析揭示了至少6个建议的管理单元的进一步细分：蒙古西部、蒙古南部、天山、帕米尔 - 喜马拉雅、西藏 - 喜马拉雅和青海，空间自相关分析表明，个体扩散可达约400公里，存在潜在的连通性。我们为雪豹亚种的全球保护提供了基础，并为深入的景观遗传学和基因组研究奠定了基础。
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