Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; W Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; International Vaccine Access Center, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Lancet. 2017 Dec 2;390(10111):2490-2502. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31463-0. Epub 2017 Jun 30.
Measles is a highly contagious disease that results from infection with measles virus and is still responsible for more than 100 000 deaths every year, down from more than 2 million deaths annually before the introduction and widespread use of measles vaccine. Measles virus is transmitted by the respiratory route and illness begins with fever, cough, coryza, and conjunctivitis followed by a characteristic rash. Complications of measles affect most organ systems, with pneumonia accounting for most measles-associated morbidity and mortality. The management of patients with measles includes provision of vitamin A. Measles is best prevented through vaccination, and the major reductions in measles incidence and mortality have renewed interest in regional elimination and global eradication. However, urgent efforts are needed to increase stagnating global coverage with two doses of measles vaccine through advocacy, education, and the strengthening of routine immunisation systems. Use of combined measles-rubella vaccines provides an opportunity to eliminate rubella and congenital rubella syndrome. Ongoing research efforts, including the development of point-of-care diagnostics and microneedle patches, will facilitate progress towards measles elimination and eradication.
麻疹是一种高度传染性疾病，由麻疹病毒感染引起，尽管在麻疹疫苗问世和广泛使用后，每年仍有超过 10 万人死于麻疹，而此前每年有超过 200 万人死于麻疹。麻疹病毒通过呼吸道传播，疾病开始时出现发热、咳嗽、鼻塞和结膜炎，随后出现特征性皮疹。麻疹的并发症影响大多数器官系统，肺炎是导致麻疹相关发病率和死亡率的主要原因。麻疹患者的治疗包括提供维生素 A。麻疹最好通过接种疫苗来预防，麻疹发病率和死亡率的大幅下降重新引发了人们对区域消除和全球根除的兴趣。然而，需要紧急努力，通过宣传、教育和加强常规免疫接种系统，提高停滞不前的全球两剂麻疹疫苗覆盖率。使用麻疹-风疹联合疫苗为消除风疹和先天性风疹综合征提供了机会。正在进行的研究工作，包括开发即时诊断和微针贴片，将有助于在消除和根除麻疹方面取得进展。
