Chemotaxonomic Diversity of Three Species: Their Discrimination Using Chemometric Analysis and Their Role in Combating Oxidative Stress.

BACKGROUND

Genus (Moraceae) constitutes more than 850 species and about 2000 varieties and it acts as a golden mine that could afford effective and safe remedies combating many health disorders.

OBJECTIVES

Discrimination of , , and using chemometric analysis and assessment of their role in combating oxidative stress.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Phytochemical profiling of the methanol extracts of the three species and their successive fractions was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Their discrimination was carried out using the obtained spectral data applying chemometric unsupervised pattern-recognition techniques, namely, principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis. hepatoprotective and antioxidant evaluation of the samples was performed using human hepatocellular carcinoma cells challenged by carbon tetrachloride (CCl).

RESULTS

Altogether, 22 compounds belonging to polyphenolics, flavonoids, and furanocoumarins were identified in the three species. Aviprin is the most abundant compound in while chlorogenic acid and psoralen were present in high percentages in and , respectively. Chemometric analyses showed that and are more closely related chemically to each other rather than . The ethyl acetate fractions of all the examined species showed a marked hepatoprotective efficacy accounting for 54.78%, 55.46%, and 56.42% reduction in serum level of alanine transaminase and 56.82%, 54.16%, and 57.06% suppression in serum level of aspartate transaminase, respectively, at 100 μg/mL comparable to CCl-treated cells.

CONCLUSION

species exhibited a no table antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity owing to their richness in polyphenolics and furanocoumarins.

SUMMARY

, , and were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry that revealed their richness with polyphenolics and furanocoumarinsDiscrimination of the three species was performed using spectral data coupled with chemometrics that showed that and are chemically related to each other rather than hepatoprotective and antioxidant evaluation was performed using human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. The ethyl acetate fractions of all the examined species showed a marked hepatoprotective efficacy species exhibited notable activities due to polyphenolics and furanocoumarins. ALT: Alanine transaminase, AST: Aspartate transaminase, CCl Carbon tetrachloride, DMEM: Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's medium, DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide, EDTA: Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, FBS: Fetal bovine serum, FCA: remaining aqueous fraction, FCB: -butanol fraction, FCE: ethyl acetate fraction, FCP: petroleum ether fraction, FCT: total methanol extract, FIA: remaining aqueous fraction, FIB: -butanol fraction, FIE: ethyl acetate fraction, FIP: petroleum ether fraction, FIT: total methanol extract, FPA: remaining aqueous fraction, FPB: -butanol fraction, FPE: ethyl acetate fraction, FPP: petroleum ether fraction, FPT: total methanol extract, GSH: Reduced glutathione, HepG2 cells: Human hepatocellular carcinoma, HPLC-ESI-MS: High-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and SOD: Superoxide dismutase.