Anomalies in the equilibrium and nonequilibrium properties of correlated ions in complex molecular environments.

Emergent statistical attributes, and therefore the equations of state, of an assembly of interacting charge carriers embedded within a complex molecular environment frequently exhibit a variety of anomalies, particularly in the high-density (equivalently, the concentration) regime, which are not well understood, because they do not fall under the low-concentration phenomenologies of Debye-Hückel-Onsager and Poisson-Nernst-Planck, including their variants. To go beyond, we here use physical concepts and mathematical tools from quantum scattering theory, transport theory with the Stosszahlansatz of Boltzmann, and classical electrodynamics (Lorentz gauge) and obtain analytical expressions both for the average and the frequency-wave vector-dependent longitudinal and transverse current densities, diffusion coefficient, and the charge density, and therefore the analytical expressions for (a) the chemical potential, activity coefficient, and the equivalent conductivity for strong electrolytes and (b) the current-voltage characteristics for ion-transport processes in complex molecular environments. Using a method analogous to the notion of Debye length and thence the electrical double layer, we here identify a pair of characteristic length scales (longitudinal and the transverse), which, being wave vector and frequency dependent, manifestly exhibit nontrivial fluctuations in space-time. As a unifying theme, we advance a quantity (inverse length dimension), g_{scat}^{(a)}, which embodies all dynamical interactions, through various quantum scattering lengths, relevant to molecular species a, and the analytical behavior which helps us to rationalize the properties of strong electrolytes, including anomalies, in all concentration regimes. As an example, the behavior of g_{scat}^{(a)} in the high-concentration regime explains the anomalous increase of the Debye length with concentration, as seen in a recent experiment on electrolyte solutions. We also put forth an extension of the standard diffusion equation, which manifestly incorporates the effects arising from the underlying microscopic collisions among constituent molecular species. Furthermore, we show a nontrivial connection between the current-voltage characteristics of electrolyte solutions and the Landauer's approach to electrical conduction in mesoscopic solids and thereby establish a definite conceptual bridge between the two disjoint subjects. For numerical insight, we present results on the aqueous solution of KCl as an example of strong electrolyte, and the transport (conduction as well as diffusion) of K^{+} ions in water, as an example of ion transport across the voltage-gated channels in biological cells.