variants in and cause neurodevelopmental disorders.

OBJECTIVE

() and () isoforms of Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) play a pivotal role in neuronal plasticity and in learning and memory processes in the brain. Here, we explore the possible involvement of - and -CaMKII variants in neurodevelopmental disorders.

METHODS

Whole-exome sequencing was performed for 976 individuals with intellectual disability, developmental delay, and epilepsy. The effect of and variants on CaMKII structure and firing of neurons was evaluated by computational structural analysis, immunoblotting, and electrophysiological analysis.

RESULTS

We identified a total of five de novo and variants in three and two individuals, respectively. Seizures were common to three individuals with variants. Using a minigene splicing assay, we demonstrated that a splice site variant caused skipping of exon 11 leading to an in-frame deletion of the regulatory segment of CaMKII . By structural analysis, four missense variants are predicted to impair the interaction between the kinase domain and the regulatory segment responsible for the autoinhibition of its kinase activity. The Thr286/Thr287 phosphorylation as a result of release from autoinhibition was increased in three mutants when the mutants were stably expressed in Neuro-2a neuroblastoma cells. Expression of a CaMKII mutant in primary hippocampal neurons significantly increased A-type K currents, which facilitated spike repolarization of single action potentials.

INTERPRETATION

Our data highlight the importance of CaMKII and CaMKII and their autoinhibitory regulation in human brain function, and suggest the enhancement of A-type K currents as a possible pathophysiological basis.