Fra-2 Expression in Osteoblasts Regulates Systemic Inflammation and Lung Injury through Osteopontin.

Inflammatory responses require mobilization of innate immune cells from the bone marrow. The functionality of this process depends on the state of the bone marrow microenvironment. We therefore hypothesized that molecular changes in osteoblasts, which are essential stromal cells of the bone marrow microenvironment, influence the inflammatory response. Here, we show that osteoblast-specific expression of the AP-1 transcription factor Fra-2 (Fra-2) induced a systemic inflammatory state with infiltration of neutrophils and proinflammatory macrophages into the spleen and liver as well as increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). By inhibition of osteopontin (OPN) in Fra-2 mice, we demonstrated that this process was dependent on OPN expression, which mediates alterations of the bone marrow niche. OPN expression was transcriptionally enhanced by Fra-2 and stimulated mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) expansion. Furthermore, in a murine lung injury model, Fra-2 mice showed increased inflammatory responses and more severe disease features via an enhanced and sustained inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Our findings demonstrate for the first time that molecular changes in osteoblasts influence the susceptibility to inflammation by altering evasion of innate immune cells from the bone marrow space.