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Wei Ding, Weipeng Zhang, Nabeel Mannalamkunnath Alikunhi, Zenon Batang, Bite Pei, Ruojun Wang, Lianguo Chen, Abdulaziz Al-Suwailem, Pei-Yuan Qian
Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
Department of Ocean Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
Microb Ecol. 2019 Feb;77(2):406-416. doi: 10.1007/s00248-018-01313-3. Epub 2019 Jan 5.
Biofilms are a significant source of marine biofouling. Marine biofilm communities are established when microorganisms adhere to immersed surfaces. Despite the microbe-inhibiting effect of zinc surfaces, microbes can still attach to the surface and form biofilms. However, the diversity of biofilm-forming microbes that can attach to zinc surfaces and their common functional features remain elusive. Here, by analyzing 9,000,000 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequences and 270 Gb of metagenomic data, we comprehensively explored the taxa and functions related to biofilm formation in subtidal zones of the Red Sea. A clear difference was observed between the biofilm and adjacent seawater microbial communities in terms of the taxonomic structure at phylum and genus levels, and a huge number of genera were only present in the biofilms. Saturated alpha-diversity curves suggested the existence of more than 14,000 operational taxonomic units in one biofilm sample, which is much higher than previous estimates. Remarkably, the biofilms contained abundant and diverse transposase genes, which were localized along microbial chromosomal segments and co-existed with genes related to metal ion transport and resistance. Genomic analyses of two cyanobacterial strains that were abundant in the biofilms revealed a variety of metal ion transporters and transposases. Our analyses revealed the high diversity of biofilm-forming microbes that can attach to zinc surfaces and the ubiquitous role of transposase genes in microbial adaptation to toxic metal surfaces.
生物膜是海洋生物污垢的重要来源。当微生物附着在浸入的表面时，就会形成海洋生物膜群落。尽管锌表面具有抑制微生物的作用，但微生物仍然可以附着在表面并形成生物膜。然而，能够附着在锌表面的形成生物膜的微生物的多样性及其常见的功能特征仍然难以捉摸。在这里，通过分析 900 万个 16S rRNA 基因扩增子序列和 270 Gb 的宏基因组数据，我们全面探讨了红海亚潮带生物膜形成相关的分类群和功能。在门和属水平的分类结构方面，生物膜和相邻海水微生物群落之间存在明显差异，大量的属仅存在于生物膜中。饱和的 alpha 多样性曲线表明，一个生物膜样本中存在超过 14000 个操作分类单元，这比以前的估计要高得多。值得注意的是，生物膜中含有丰富多样的转座酶基因，这些基因定位于微生物染色体片段上，并与金属离子转运和抗性相关的基因共存。对生物膜中丰富的两种蓝细菌菌株的基因组分析揭示了多种金属离子转运体和转座酶。我们的分析揭示了能够附着在锌表面的形成生物膜的微生物的高度多样性，以及转座酶基因在微生物适应有毒金属表面方面的普遍作用。
